The reciprocal relations between teachers' perceptions of children's behavior problems and teacher-child relationships in the first preschool year

To examine the reciprocal relations between teacher-child relationships and children's behavior problems, the authors analyzed cross-lagged longitudinal data on teacher-child relationships and children's internalizing and externalizing problems using a structural equation modeling approach. The homeroom teachers of 105 first-year preschoolers aged 2-3 years filled in the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist/2-3, first at 3 months after the children's preschool entrance and then at the end of the first preschool year. Results showed significant cross-wave reciprocal relations between externalizing problems and teacher-child conflict and significant cross-wave relation from early internalizing problems to later teacher-child conflict. However, the cross-wave associations between internalizing and externalizing problems and teacher-child closeness were not significant.     

基于CiteSpace的心理委员研究演进路径分析

通过CiteSpace对心理委员研究文献进行可视化分析发现,中国对于心理委员的研究始于2004年,经历了初期开创阶段、快速发展阶段、波动下降阶段,现处于平稳发展阶段; 截止到2021年,心理委员研究领域共有548名作者,高产作者有詹启生、王自华、来燕、闫娟丽等。多数研究者更倾向独立研究而缺少持续与合作研究; 心理委员研究领域共有313所机构,高产机构有天津大学、云南师范大学等,各机构之间合作缺乏; 研究热点集中于高校、心理健康、大学生、胜任力、培训、高职院校、危机干预等。近年来转向了互联网模式下心理委员培训的研究、心理委员专用量表编制的研究。越来越多的实证研究方法引入了该领域。     

Cognitive diagnosis modelling incorporating item response times

To provide more refined diagnostic feedback with collateral information in item response times (RTs), this study proposed joint modelling of attributes and response speed using item responses and RTs simultaneously for cognitive diagnosis. For illustration, an extended deterministic input, noisy ‘and’ gate (DINA) model was proposed for joint modelling of responses and RTs. Model parameter estimation was explored using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. The PISA 2012 computer-based mathematics data were analysed first. These real data estimates were treated as true values in a subsequent simulation study. A follow-up simulation study with ideal testing conditions was conducted as well to further evaluate model parameter recovery. The results indicated that model parameters could be well recovered using the MCMC approach. Further, incorporating RTs into the DINA model would improve attribute and profile correct classification rates and result in more accurate and precise estimation of the model parameters.     

早期肿瘤筛查与例行体检评价

例行体检不同于早期肿瘤筛查。早期肿瘤筛查也称机会筛查,是需要针对不同肿瘤的流行病学与发病特点,进行人群的选择。主要从已发表的文献,目前肿瘤筛查的现状、指南及专家相关建议出发,对早期肿瘤筛查及例行体检的特点做了简单剖析,同时对两者的优缺点等方面做了讨论。在此基础上,突出揭示了如何正确做好肿瘤早期筛查的必要性。结合实际自身情况及现有相关政策的情况下,合理选择筛查方式,将筛查成本效益最大化。     

客体工作记忆对注意的导向作用：抑制动机的影响

通过两个实验验证了客体工作记忆内容对注意的导向过程是灵活可控的; 与客体工作记忆内容匹配的刺激既可以捕获注意, 也可以被抑制。实验1通过操作匹配试验概率来诱发不同水平的抑制动机, 考察在客体工作记忆内容对注意的导向作用中抑制动机的影响。匹配试验中有分心物与客体工作记忆内容相同。控制试验中所有搜索项目均与客体工作记忆内容不同。实验2保持实际匹配试验概率恒定, 仅通过改变指导语来调节抑制动机水平, 以排除练习的干扰。两实验结果均表明, 当抑制动机水平较低时, 匹配分心物会捕获注意; 而当抑制动机水平足够高时, 匹配分心物会被抑制。并且, 抑制动机水平的高低还会影响认知控制的效应量和时程。     

Charting the Developmental Trajectories of Attention and Executive Function in Chinese School-Aged Children

Attention is a complex domain that has reawakened research interest in recent years. There are relatively few studies that have examined age-related changes across different attention subcomponents, such as selection, maintenance, and control, using large samples covering a wide age range. The present study assessed performance in 466 participants in order to identify the ages at which mature performance was reached across differing attention subcomponents. Furthermore, we investigated whether the nature of the attentional demands or task difficulty predicted the age at which stable levels of performance were reached. The results supported the former rather than the latter alternative.     

小学儿童规则发现的类比迁移研究

本研究以小学儿童为被试,证实了在策略提示条件下解决规则发现(合取规则和析取规则)的类比问题时,任务难度和表面相似性是影响策略的迁移的重要因素,并且发现小学儿童的思维能力存在着较大的个体差异.他们在问题解决时主要使用单维检验策略,多数小学儿童缺乏较强的元认知监控.     

科学论争应以事实说话--我看关于"科学警察"的论争

看了6月21日《科技日报》“科学探索需不需要‘科学警察’”的讨论,我觉得很有意义。“科学警察”确实是个需要通过讨论加以澄清的概念,不然的话,在同一个名词底下,不同的人会有不同的解读,会因这种不同解读而相互产生误解,甚至导致不必要的相互攻讦。如果按照方舟子先生的解释,所谓“科学警察”,只是一种比喻而已,是指一些民间反伪科学组织和有关人士利用自己言论自由的权利揭露伪科学,让公众了解真相,我觉得这样的“科学警察”就没有什么不好。这跟利用手中权力压制不同意见排斥创新思维是两码事。以方舟子先生本人为例,我是常看他主办的…     

组织行为的完全归因模型

本文首先阐述了对组织行为进行归因认知的必要性,分析了组织行为的认知基础,在此基础上提出"完全归因"的概念并分析其要素与过程.为推进归因理论的社会应用,本文进一步给出了完全归因的初步模型.该模型充分考虑时空环境和心智环境的复杂性,并将归因推断与归因效果分析统一起来,对组织行为的归因认知过程进行了完整的描述.     

北京市道路交通标志的心理学评价

实验分三部分进行。第一部分使用汽车司机调查表测定80种标志的可理解度,对标志意义的85％正确理解率定为标志可接受性标准。第二部分对第一部分中未达到标准的标志进一步进行长时记忆测验,以85％的再认正确率作为标志可接受的标准。第三部分对第一部分中未达到标准的标志进行短时记忆再认正确率和再认反应时测验,并对第二、第三部分的结果进行相关分析。结果表明:(1)65种标志理解度达到可接受标准,(2)交通标志的理解度主要取决于标志本身图形符号的直观性和单义性,以及司机的过去经验和学习效果。司机对标志的态度也对理解度有一定影响,(3)在理解度未达到标准的15种标志中,有14种的学习和记忆效果较好,长时记忆和短时记忆再认正确率都达到可接受标准。(4)“解除禁止超车”标志各项测验成绩均未达到标准,不宜作为正式标志使用,(5)以长时记忆和短时记忆再认正确率以及正确再认反应时作为指标来评价交通标志的优劣程度同样有效。