晚期汉-英二语者英语被动句句法加工的ERP研究*

选取二语中等熟练者和高熟练者两类中国大学生被试,共40人(27女,13男),年龄为20~29岁,平均年龄23.88岁。采用ERP技术,以直译型英语被动句和意译型英语被动句作为实验材料,通过比较无违例、―句法违例句1‖(动词过去分词形式错误)、―句法违例句2‖(动词过去分词错误用为动词原形而造成的句法违例)以及―句法违例句3‖(动词过去分词误用为动词现在分词形式)条件下的行为数据和ERP多维数据变化的基础上,探讨了二语熟练度和语言间句法结构相似性对汉-英双语者英语被动句句法加工过程的影响。结果表明：高熟练者的反应时和正确率整体上优于中等熟练者;难易度不同的句法错误信息会直接影响被动句的加工,对明显有错误的句法信息的反应速度最快,―正确的局部句法信息‖反应时最长。对明显有错误的句法信息的正确反应率最高,最根本的句法结构的错误信息最低。最根本的句法结构的错误信息引发的P600最大,无违例条件引发的P600最小;高熟练者对最根本的句法结构的错误信息引发最大的P600效应,中等熟练者的P600效应未受不同句法错误信息的影响。行为指标支持句法加工相似性效应——直译句反应快、正确率高;意译句反应慢、正确率低。并且此效应在中等熟练者身上表现更加明显。但是脑神经活动模式未表现出句法结构相似性效应,说明二语熟练度在英语被动句加工中具有更为显著的作用。     

儿童临终关怀社会工作伦理困境、成因及其突破

基于对武汉市Y医院5名医务社会工作者的深度访谈,揭示了我国儿童临终关怀社会工作伦理困境的现实表征,包括专业价值与传统文化间的冲突、患儿主体权与家长主义间的冲突、有限医疗资源与案主需求间的冲突等方面的伦理之争。分析可知上述伦理困境源于复杂实践情境中价值观的多元性、伦理依据的多重性、患儿群体的特殊性。并提出儿童临终关怀社会工作伦理困境的突破之道在于从价值共存、主体意识、政策引领三个方面出发,树立本土伦理实践守则、提升全民理性生命意识、完善服务支持与政策体系,从整体上促进我国儿童临终关怀社会工作事业的发展。

     

知晓感研究述评

本文集中探讨了成人中的一种特殊的元认知过程--知晓感过程.首先讨论知晓感现象本身的早期研究,然后再探讨其潜在的机制;最后阐述这一过程的各种用途.     

Estimating the causal effect of randomization versus treatment preference in a doubly randomized preference trial

Although randomized studies have high internal validity, generalizability of the estimated causal effect from randomized clinical trials to real-world clinical or educational practice may be limited. We consider the implication of randomized assignment to treatment, as compared with choice of preferred treatment as it occurs in real-world conditions. Compliance, engagement, or motivation may be better with a preferred treatment, and this can complicate the generalizability of results from randomized trials. The doubly randomized preference trial (DRPT) is a hybrid randomized and nonrandomized design that allows for estimation of the causal effect of randomization versus treatment preference. In the DRPT, individuals are first randomized to either randomized assignment or choice assignment. Those in the randomized assignment group are then randomized to treatment or control, and those in the choice group receive their preference of treatment versus control. Using the potential outcomes framework, we apply the algebra of conditional independence to show how the DRPT can be used to derive an unbiased estimate of the causal effect of randomization versus preference for each of the treatment and comparison conditions. Also, we show how these results can be implemented using full matching on the propensity score. The methodology is illustrated with a DRPT of introductory psychology students who were randomized to randomized assignment or preference of mathematics versus vocabulary training. We found a small to moderate benefit of preference versus randomization with respect to the mathematics outcome for those who received mathematics training.     

Convergent Thinking Moderates the Relationship between Divergent Thinking and Scientific Creativity

Creativity plays an important role in human society as well as in individual development, and creativity in the domain of science is a specific form. A body of research had demonstrated the role of divergent thinking in creativity. The role of convergent thinking had also been recognized, but more empirical evidence was needed. To investigate the interaction between convergent and divergent thinking on adolescent scientific creativity, the current study tested 588 high school students. The results showed that convergent thinking interacted with fluency/flexibility of divergent thinking on scientific creativity. In particular, divergent thinking predicted creativity in those high in convergent thinking. Findings suggested a threshold-setting effect of convergent thinking, which meant only when convergent thinking capacity reached a certain level, divergent thinking could play a role in scientific creativity. Implications for future research and educational practice were discussed.     

不同语义水平下参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价对记忆的影响

为了探索影响记忆的深层次因素及其作用机制,采用内隐实验范式,考察了不同语义水平下参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价对记忆的影响。结果发现,参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价分别对记忆产生了显著的影响;在不同语义水平下,自我相关的特质词和非特质词的记忆优势表现在不同的再认提取阶段;个体对自我相关的消极词表现出显著的记忆优势;参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价的交互作用不显著。结果表明,参照方式、情绪效价和特质评价是对记忆产生影响的独立因素,但参照方式对记忆的影响受到情绪效价和特质评价的制约。     

听从逻各斯的实践何以可能?——亚里士多德论希求

理性和欲望的关系是古代西方哲学的焦点问题之一。亚里士多德继承与推进了柏拉图的思想,提出希求概念,它标志着理性和欲望(欲求)的统一。本文首先结合柏拉图与亚里士多德的灵魂学说,对希求概念的演变进行简要梳理;继而考察希求背后的欲求与努斯、真的善与显得善之间的关系,表明希求是对于"真的善"的欲求,揭示了灵魂统一的可能性;最后,通过这种灵魂-伦理学的澄清,触及政治学的重要问题,即如何培养好人,表明希求概念同样是回答这一问题的关键。     

Executive function and memory in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

A complex relation exists between memory and executive functioning (EF), particularly when learning and recalling multifaceted or extensive information (Moscovitch &; Winocur, 2002 Moscovitch, M. and Winocur, G. 2002. “The frontal cortex and working with memory”. In Principles of frontal lobe functioning, Edited by: Stuss, D. T. and Knight, R. T. 188–209. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.  [Google Scholar]). A common instrument for evaluating this relationship is the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF; Rey, 1941 Rey, A. 1941. L'examen psychologique dans le cas d'encephalopathie traumatique [Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy]. Archives de Psychologie, 28: 286–340.  [Google Scholar]; Osterrieth, 1944 Osterrieth, P. A. 1944. Le test de copie d'une figure complexe: Contribution à l’étude de la perception et de la mémoire [The test of copying a complex figure: A contribution to the study of perception and memory]. Archives de Psychologie, 30: 286–350.  [Google Scholar]). The ROCF has proved particularly useful in pediatric research; however, little research has been conducted among children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD).

Seventy children (35 FASD, 35 control), aged 6 to 12 years, were tested using the ROCF. All participants with FASD had received a diagnosis according to the Canadian guidelines for FASD (Chudley et al., 2005 Chudley, A. E., Conry, J., Cook, J. L., Loock, C., Rosales, T. and LeBlanc, N. 2005. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis. The Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172: 1–21. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) using the 4-digit diagnostic code (Astley, 2004 Astley, S. J. 2004. Diagnostic guide for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: The 4-digit diagnostic code, 3rd, Seattle, WA: University of Washington.  [Google Scholar]). Significant group differences were revealed with children with FASD demonstrating substantial difficulties in organization, accuracy, and memory. Among children with FASD, a distinctive profile emerged, lending support to the argument that children with FASD experience deficits in EF and memory throughout their development. Information from the present study will not only help to improve understanding of functioning in this population but also provide insight into how to deal with EF and memory deficits in terms of testing, treatment, and intervention.     

对流行病学局限性的若干思考

流行病学在人群的疾病预防控制方面应用广泛,与哲学、统计学、传染病学等学科相互渗透.然而流行病学作为一门自然科学有其固有的缺陷.扼要的介绍了流行病学研究范围的局限性,研究中偏倚避免的困难性等发展中所面临的挑战,归纳总结了流行病学与相关学科的联系,并对流行病学未来的发展进行了展望.