Nice Guys Finish Fast and Bad Guys Finish Last: Facilitatory vs. Inhibitory Interaction in Parallel Systems

Systems Factorial Technology is a powerful framework for investigating the fundamental properties of human information processing such as architecture (i.e., serial or parallel processing) and capacity (how processing efficiency is affected by increased workload). The Survivor Interaction Contrast (SIC) and the Capacity Coefficient are effective measures in determining these underlying properties, based on response-time data. Each of the different architectures, under the assumption of independent processing, predicts a specific form of the SIC along with some range of capacity. In this study, we explored SIC predictions of discrete-state (Markov process) and continuous-state (Linear Dynamic) models that allow for certain types of cross-channel interaction. The interaction can be facilitatory or inhibitory: one channel can either facilitate, or slow down processing in its counterpart. Despite the relative generality of these models, the combination of the architecture oriented plus the capacity oriented analyses provide for precise identification of the underlying system.     

知觉负荷对面孔多重社会范畴加工的影响

为了考察知觉负荷理论对于面孔多重社会范畴加工机制解释的可能性, 我们采用两个反应时实验探讨了姓名判断是否会在不同的知觉负荷条件下受到面孔性别与种族信息的影响。实验1通过侧抑制范式考察姓名判断中面孔种族引发的干扰效应是否会受到知觉负荷水平的调节。结果发现, 姓名判断的反应时间会随着负荷水平的提高显著延长, 即面孔种族引发的干扰效应不会随着负荷水平的提高而消失。实验2继续通过侧抑制范式考察了姓名判断中面孔性别引发的干扰效应是否会在不同知觉负荷水平下出现差异。结果发现, 在低负荷水平下, 个体在不一致条件下的反应时长于一致条件下的反应时, 并且被试会倾向于将中性名字的性别判断为与面孔的性别一致。在高负荷水平下, 个体的反应时在一致和不一致条件下没有显著差异, 并且被试对中性名字的性别判断属于随机猜测水平。上述结果表明, 种族加工具有自下而上的强制性加工的特点; 性别加工是受到注意资源调节的自上而下加工, 具有一定的灵活性。     

Low self‐esteem,entrapment, and reason for living: A moderated mediation model of suicidal ideation

Adolescent suicidal ideation has become a top public health concern. It is thus significant to explore both risk and protective factors of adolescent suicidal ideation. The present study tested a moderated mediation model of suicidal ideation in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Chinese adolescents of 1074 (54.2% females, aged between 11 and 18 years) completed questionnaires assessing self‐esteem, entrapment, reason for living, and suicidal ideation. We found that entrapment mediated the association between low self‐esteem and suicidal ideation. The association between entrapment and suicidal ideation was moderated by reason for living. Findings of this study may expand our understanding of the development of suicidal ideation, and facilitate future research exploring the interplay of risk and protective factors of suicidality. Clinical implications of these findings were also discussed.     

刻板印象与内隐推理的实验研究

采用间接测量方法,探讨刻板印象与内隐推理效应。实验结果表明：91）刻板印象启动的内隐推理直接影响到不同句式的记忆;（2）内隐推理不受意识水平高低以及具体的记忆任务的影响。     

The Utilization of Exercise to Decrease Depressive Symptoms in Young Adult Women

Depression is a prevalent issue for women on college campuses. Undergraduate women participated in (a) an aerobic exercise class, (b) a weight‐lifting class, or (c) a control group to determine the effect of exercise on depressive symptoms. Participants in the aerobic exercise group exhibited a significant decrease in depressive symptoms. Implications for college counselors are discussed.     

广告中性别刻板印象信息的内隐效应

尝试采用以图片为实验材料及不同步骤的IAT程序测量广告中性别刻板印象的内隐效应及其操作强度,结果表明：（1）广告中的性别刻板印象具有很强的内隐效应;（2）高刻板化程度者具有更强的内隐性别刻板效应;（3）当刺激材料为图片时,不同的IAT程序测得的内隐性别刻板效应不同。     

Analogy in a general-purpose reasoning system

This paper introduces the various forms of analogy in NARS, a general-purpose reasoning system. NARS is an AI system designed to be adaptive and to work with insufficient knowledge and resources. In the system, multiple types of inference, including analogy, deduction, induction, abduction, comparison, and revision, are unified both in syntax and in semantics. The system can also carry out relational and structural analogy, in ways comparable to (though different from) that in some other models of analogy, such as Copycat and SME. The paper addresses several theoretical issues in the study of analogy, including the specification and justification of analogy, the context sensitivity of analogy, as well as the role analogy plays in intelligence and cognition.     

内隐关系评估程序:内隐态度测量的新方法

内隐关系评估程序(implicit relational assessment procedures,简称IRAP)是Barnes等人于2006基于关系结构理论(relational frame theory,简称RFT)提出的一种全新的测量内隐态度的研究方法,该方法采用的是一种计算机化的判断任务,以反应时为指标,被试通过对目标词进行关系判断,从而考察个体的内隐态度.本文主要阐述内隐关系评估程序的由来、关系结构理论与内隐关系评估程序的操作,并对内隐关系评估程序的性能和应用等进行了介绍.     

“荀”、“孔”危机与中国近世精神纬度——从一个侧面看二十世纪初新文化运动的必然

清末政治的内忧外患及文化思想上西学的冲击,动摇了中国传统的道德礼教与伦理纲常。受过西方思潮与科学进步影响的近代知识分子清醒地认识到,中国的危难并非晚清独遇的社会政治危机,而是千古未有的文化危机。鼓吹维新,废除礼教,开启民智,振兴中国,成为维新君子的神圣职责。反礼教、排荀儒成为反封建专制首先揭橥的精神旗纛。此后,排荀思潮上升为反孔,直接引发了以“打倒孔家店”为中心的五四新文化运动,宣告了两千年封建专制制度的解体,同时建构了以国家、平等、民主、自由为中心的中国近现代精神。     

寻找丢失的自我——精神分裂症患者的自我面孔识别

为探索精神分裂症患者自我面孔识别的能力以及在视听整合任务中面孔对声音身份识别(同性和异性)的影响,选取34名住院精神分裂症患者和26名健康被试,分别进行单通道动态自我面孔识别任务、单通道自我声音识别任务和视听整合任务的3个实验。结果发现:精神分裂症患者的单通道自我面孔识别能力和自我声音识别能力与健康组无区别,但在视听整合任务中,精神分裂症患者的声音身份识别受到视觉通道面孔识别的影响。结果表明,精神分裂症患者有自我面孔识别的能力,自我面孔会促进自我声音的识别,并抑制对同性他人声音和异性他人声音的识别。