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41.
Genetic counseling is a communication process with two main functions: information provision and supportive counseling. The information transmission function may be compromised by disruptions that occur during counseling. At least two mediators are possible: (a) disruptions may interfere with memory by creating distractions and divided attention during encoding or (b) disruptions may degrade the flow of interaction which requires that participants engage in conversation repair rather than the task at hand. This study examined both alternatives in a group of parents (N=20 families, 40 individual parents) whose infant had received a newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF). Upon arrival at the hospital, each parent completed a questionnaire designed to assess his or her knowledge of CF. Their interaction with the genetic counselor was videotaped and coded for the presence of disruptions. Six weeks after the counseling, parents again completed the knowledge measure. The data showed a direct negative effect for disruptions during counseling on memory for CF-related risk information six weeks later. Disruptions also produced the anticipated effect on conversation, but counter to expectations, interruptions of conversation flow was positively associated with knowledge at time 2. 相似文献
42.
Functional neuroimaging studies of autobiographical memory have grown dramatically in recent years. These studies are important because they can investigate the neural correlates of processes that are difficult to study using laboratory stimuli, including: (i) complex constructive processes, (ii) recollective qualities of emotion and vividness, and (iii) remote memory retrieval. Constructing autobiographical memories involves search, monitoring and self-referential processes that are associated with activity in separable prefrontal regions. The contributions of emotion and vividness have been linked to the amygdala and visual cortex respectively. Finally, there is evidence that recent and remote autobiographical memories might activate the hippocampus equally, which has implications for memory-consolidation theories. The rapid development of innovative methods for eliciting personal memories in the scanner provides the opportunity to delve into the functional neuroanatomy of our personal past. 相似文献
43.
Mary Finn Maples Peggy Dupey Edil Torres‐Rivera Loan T. Phan Linwood Vereen Michael Tlanusta Garrett 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2001,79(1):53-60
Humor can reflect the healthy release of feelings during the counseling process, the type of emotional release that leads to significant therapeutic gains. It can also be a disturbing distraction, possibly causing early termination, if used inappropriately. Counselors need to exert particular caution before attempting to apply humor in working with a client from a culture different from the counselor's. This article explores the available literature and offers contributions on the subject from 4 “ethnically diverse” perspectives. Finally, a general approach based on existential theory is presented along with 5 general conditions to ascertain the appropriate use of humor. 相似文献
44.
This paper offers a philosophical `history' of the nature of`public discourse' – a basic element of human rights. It beginswith Enlightenment views from Condorcet and Jefferson, turns to Dewey,and then to Habermas. Over a couple of centuries not only does thecentral character of discourse change but so too does the definition ofa public person. 相似文献
45.
46.
This study was designed to investigate the differences between stutterers and normal speakers in phonatory and articulatory timing during the initiation of fluent utterances of monosyllabic words. Electromyographic recordings of four articulatory muscles and recordings of glottal vibrations were made of repetitive utterances of a series of monosyllabic words by 15 stutterers and 17 nonstutterers. These data were analyzed in terms of average interval times between voice onset and onset of EMG activity and between onset of EMG activity in each articulator and in terms of the intrasubject variability of these durational measures. Results showed that there were no significant differences between stutterers and nonstutterers in average interval times and that stutterers, in general, were significantly more variable in their speech onset timing. Findings are discussed in terms of recent hypotheses concerning the role of timing disturbances as the main source of speech disruption in stutterers. 相似文献
47.
Peggy T. Ackerman Roscoe A. Dykman Phillip J. Holcomb David S. McCray 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1983,18(1):36-48
This investigation was undertaken to explore the possible causes and consequences of the finding that attention- and learning-disordered children with sensitive (weak) nervous systems were titrated at higher dosages of methylphenidate than those with strong nervous systems. Pretreatment parent and teacher ratings of hyperkineticassociated behavior were no different for children typed as having strong or sensitive nervous systems or for those subsequently prescribed higher or lower dosages by a child psychiatrist “blind” to their type as well as condition (drug or placebo). However, those titrated at lower dosages, regardless of whether strong or sensitive, were rated as more improved than those given higher dosages. Pretreatment reaction time (RT) data suggested that sensitive types prescribed low dosages had less of a problem sustaining attention, and placebo RT data suggested that strong types titrated at low dosages had more of a problem sustaining attention. A contrast of placebo and drug RTs showed that strong types titrated at lower dosages improved more than strong types given higher dosages, whereas sensitive types given higher dosages improved more than sensitive types given lower dosages. The latter finding is thought to add support to the theory of Gray (1964), who suggested that, paradoxically, the weak nervous system needs a more intense stimulus than the strong to reach the concentration threshold. 相似文献
48.
The effect of sex role socialization practices on the achievement motivation (Nach) of black preschool children of differing social-class levels was examined. A factor analysis of the Katz Sex Role Socialization Scale revealed several factors. These varied in their effect on two types of achievement motivation. In general, the hypothesis that nontraditional sex role training leads to higher achievement motivation for girls, and that traditional sex role training leads to higher achievement motivation for boys, received support. The importance of treating sex role socialization as multidimensional was stressed.This study is part of a doctoral dissertation by the senior author. 相似文献
49.
Martha Strickland Peggy O. Jessee Erik E. Filsinger 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1988,44(4):379-382
Young children (ages 2 to 5) have proved to be difficult subjects for obtaining valid reports of their ratings of olfactory stimuli. Thirty-six preschoolers were tested on benzaldehyde (a pleasant odor) and on dimethyl disulfide (an unpleasant odor) using a smiling or frowning face as a response format. The results showed the ability of young children to discriminate between pleasant and unpleasant odors. 相似文献
50.
Dr. Peggy Ann Way Ph.D. 《Pastoral Psychology》1980,29(1):46-57
The existence of Pastoral Theology as a discipline is problematic. The possibility of becoming a discipline is discussed as requiring a shift from a clinical/therapeutic to an ecclesial paradigm as its center. The shift would foster a valuing of the pastor as an interpreter of human existence, attention to the need for a pastoral hermeneutic, and an appreciation for particularity. The field needs to attend its intellectual tasks and to assess the debits/credits of its relations to secular disciplines. 相似文献