Two studies examined the relationship of sex of subject, sex-typing of tasks, and prior task experience on self-confidence ratings of Black men and women. In both investigations, women's self-confidence tended to vary as a function of task type, while men's self-confidence remained relatively stable across all tasks. Prior experience with the task was highly correlated with self-confidence ratings for men and women and moderated the effects. The variations in the findings of Studies I and II and implications for future research are discussed.Portions of this study were reported at the Eastern Psychological Association Convention, 1983. 相似文献
The frequency of additional self-reported diagnoses in a large, heterogeneous sample of attention defiict disorder (ADD) children (N=182)was determined using the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA). Over half the children had additional DICA diagnoses, with oppositional disorder and anxiety/mood disorders the most frequent. ADD boys with internalizing-type diagnoses had lower verbal IQs and arithmetic scores and performed more poorly on attention tasks than those without; parents also rated them more adversely. Those with externalizing- type diagnoses were rated as more aggressive by teachers and had sociopathic, thrill- seeking profiles on paper-pencil self-ratings. Over 40% of the children were dyslexic or slow learners but they had no higher rate of DICA diagnoses than those who read adequately.This research was supported by NIMH grant R01-MH39189 and by the Marie Wilson Howells Fund. The authors are grateful to the Chid Study Center staff who assisted in recruiting and evaluating subjects and to the Behavioral Laboratory team members who collected and analyzed the data. 相似文献
The hunger and thirst drives of rats were equated using a titration procedure in a modified T-maze with food as the reinforcer on the left and water on the right. The conditions (amount) rather than schedules (hours) of maintenance were varied from day to day during a 9-day cycle which was then replicated. The results showed that condition manipulations produce reliable and approximately linear functions for individual Ss on the following response measures: percent water choices, median latencies, and body weight. Results were discussed in terms of the animals responding to the drive stimuli and also in terms of some of the methodological problems that this procedure solved. Finally, it was suggested that the construct drive as defined by conditions of maintenance might possess more utility as an experimental variable. 相似文献
A single-subject multiple-baseline design using within- and across-subject replication was employed to study the acquisition of expanded “agent-action-object” sentences and the spontaneous generation of this form in the natural environment. Three young language-delayed subjects were trained to describe various agent-action-object relationships with a five-element syntactical form. The language training strategy was a synthesis of the developmental-psycholinguistic and behavioral models. Dynamic interactions between familiar persons and objects were the stimulus events that the children mapped. A five-element syntactical form, previously absent from the children's language repertoires, was trained during individual sessions. Concurrent with baseline, training, and followup, each subject's language was monitored in another setting, the classroom during free play. After onset of training, the core elements of the complex syntactic form were spontaneously emitted by the child in its natural environment. The free-play data reflect individual differences in the emergence and frequency of each child's spontaneous use of the agent-action-object form. The acquisition and maintenance of the specific lexicon and syntax trained were tested by posttraining probes and responses to videotape presentations. These probes revealed generalization and maintenance of both the lexical and syntactical forms acquired in treatment. The main purpose of any language-training procedure should be to provide language that is functional for the child in the natural environment. This study, which documented the spontaneous usage of the core agent-action-object syntactical form in the natural environment, effectively trained a functional syntactical rule. 相似文献
The follow-up data reported represent a long-term (3 to 9 years out of treatment) evaluation of 40 children who were clients of the Regional Intervention Program (RIP) from 1969 to 1978. As 3-, 4-, and 5-year olds, these youngsters exhibited severe and prolonged tantrums, continual opposition to adults' requests and commands, and physical aggression toward parents. Each child and mother participated in a standardized intervention package modeled after Wahler's Opposition Child Treatment. Results from school and home-based follow-up showed that: (a) commands, demands, or requests made by parents were likely to be followed by former clients' compliance; (b) former clients' social interactions in the home were overwhelmingly positive and their nonsocial behavior was by and large appropriate; (c) parent behavior in the home was consistent with the child management skills taught many years ago; (d) there were no differences between the compliant, on-task, social interaction and appropriate/inappropriate nonsocial behaviors of former clients and randomly selected class peers; (e) there were no differences in teachers' commands, negative feedback, positive social reinforcement, and repeated commands that were directed toward either former clients or randomly selected class peers; (f) both teachers' and parents' rating of former clients on the modified Walker Problem Behavior Checklist were highly correlated; (g) there were no differences in teachers' rating of former clients and class peers; and (h) of all the studied demographic variables, only age that treatment began and family intactness were related to current levels of behavior. 相似文献
Behavioral economic concepts were applied to the analysis and treatment of pediatric feeding disorders in a clinical setting. In Experiment 1, children who chronically refused food were presented with varying amounts of food on a spoon (empty, dipped, quarter, half, and level). Each child exhibited a different but orderly demand function of response (acceptance, expulsion, and mouth clean) by cost (increasing spoon volume) for a constant pay-off of toys and social interaction. In Experiment 2, physical guidance or nonremoval of the spoon for food refusal was initiated at the smallest spoon volume with low levels of acceptance, and was subsequently introduced at the largest spoon volume with moderate levels of acceptance. Treatment was effective in increasing acceptance, and these effects generalized hierarchically across untargeted spoon volumes. The results of both studies provide preliminary support that increasing spoon volume can be equated conceptually with increasing response effort, and that the change from differential reinforcement to physical guidance or nonremoval of the spoon appears to have altered the elasticity of each child's demand function. 相似文献
A forced-choice preference assessment was conducted in which two dependent measures were used to select preferred stimuli: (a) approach responding and (b) latency to the first aberrant response. Stimuli identified as preferred based on both dependent measures were then evaluated during treatment. The results suggested that latency may be a useful measure in the selection of preferred stimuli during forced-choice assessments. 相似文献
Luba Gurdjieff: A Memoir with Recipes. Luba Gurdjieff Everitt with Marina C. Bear, 1993, Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press 105 pp., £11.99, US$14.94 ISBN 0–89815–360–3
The Taste For Things That Are True. Henri Tracol, 1994 Longmead, Shaftesbury: Element Books 137 pp., £9.99, US$14.95 ISBN 1–85230–468–5
Religion Defined and Explained. Peter B. Clarke & Peter Byrne, 1993 London: Macmillan/New York: St Martin's Press 214 pp. £42.50, US$55.00 ISBN 0–33353–841–2
Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study. W. Owen Cole & P. S. Sambhi, 1993 Basingstoke: Macmillan xii + 221 pp., £10.99 (pb), £35.00 (hb) ISBN 0–33354–107–3 (pb), 0–33354–106–5 (hb)
Hindu Children in Britain. Robert Jackson & Eleanor Nesbitt, 1993 Stoke‐on‐Trent: Trentham Books 240 pp., £15.95 ISBN 0–948080–73–6
Feminist Theology from the Third World: A Reader. Ursula King, ed., 1994 London: SPCK/Orbis 434 pp., £17.50 ISBN 0–88344–963–3
A Time to Chant: The Soka Gakkai Buddhists in Britain. B. Wilson & K. Dobbeleare, 1994 Oxford: Clarendon Press 267 pp., £25.00 ISBN 0–19–827915–9 相似文献