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961.
The aim of this work is to study real contextualised dilemmas and relevant events of the biographies offered by a group of adult men and women, in order to analyse the contextual and personal factors that influence moral reasoning during this stage of the life cycle. To this end, we interviewed 60 adults who were asked to recount real contextualised dilemmas. The themes of the real dilemmas were later categorised in relation to the stage of moral reasoning reached and then linked to the ecological contexts in which they took place. The results show that the themes related to proximal processes and contexts (family, parenthood) are the most frequent and are related to the conventional level of moral reasoning. However, in relation to social themes and coherence, the reasoning level obtained is more mature. Finally, there are contextual differences regarding the contents of the real dilemmas related to local conflicts or socio-political concern for one??s own community. 相似文献
962.
The present study explores the usefulness of dyadic quantification of group characteristics to predict team work performance. After reviewing the literature regarding team member characteristics predicting group performance, percentages of explained variance between 3% and 18% were found. These studies have followed an individualistic approach to measure group characteristics (e. g., mean and variance), based on aggregation. The aim of the present work was testing whether by means of dyadic measures group output prediction percentage could be increased. The basis of dyadic measures is data obtained from an interdependent pairs of individuals. Specifically, the present research was intended to develop a new dyadic index to measure personality dissimilarity in groups and to explore whether dyadic measurements allow improving groups' outcome predictions compared to individualistic methods. By means of linear regression, 49.5 % of group performance variance was explained using the skew-symmetry and the proposed dissimilarity index in personality as predictors. These results support the usefulness of the dyadic approach for predicting group outcomes. 相似文献
963.
Karsten Klint Jensen Ellen-Marie Forsberg Christian Gamborg Kate Millar Peter Sandøe 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(3):425-445
Several studies have indicated that scientists are likely to have an outlook on both facts and values that are different to
that of lay people in important ways. This is one significant reason it is currently believed that in order for scientists
to exercise a reliable ethical reflection about their research it is necessary for them to engage in dialogue with other stakeholders.
This paper reports on an exercise to encourage a group of scientists to reflect on ethical issues without the presence of
external stakeholders. It reports on the use of a reflection process with scientists working in the area of animal disease
genomics (mainly drawn from the EADGENE EC Network of Excellence). This reflection process was facilitated by using an ethical
engagement framework, a modified version of the Ethical Matrix. As judged by two criteria, a qualitative assessment of the
outcomes and the participants’ own assessment of the process, this independent reflective exercise was deemed to be successful.
The discussions demonstrated a high level of complexity and depth, with participants demonstrating a clear perception of uncertainties
and the context in which their research operates. Reflection on stakeholder views and values appeared to be embedded within
the discussions. The finding from this exercise seems to indicate that even without the involvement of the wider stakeholder
community, valuable reflection and worthwhile discourse can be generated from ethical reflection processes involving only
scienitific project partners. Hence, the previous assumption that direct stakeholder engagement is necessary for ethical reflection
does not appear to hold true in all cases; however, other reasons for involving a broad group of stakeholders relating to
governance and social accountability of science remain. 相似文献
964.
This article analyses the different connotations of “normality” and “being natural,” bringing together the theoretical discussion
from both human medicine and veterinary medicine. We show how the interpretations of the concepts in the different areas could
be mutually fruitful. It appears that the conceptions of “natural” are more elaborate in veterinary medicine, and can be of
value to human medicine. In particular they can nuance and correct conceptions of nature in human medicine that may be too
idealistic. Correspondingly, the wide ranging conceptions of “normal” in human medicine may enrich conceptions in veterinary
medicine, where the discussions seem to be sparse. We do not argue that conceptions from veterinary medicine should be used in human medicine and vice versa, but only that it could be done and that it may well be fruitful. Moreover, there are overlaps between some notions of normal and natural, and further conceptual analysis on this
overlap is needed. 相似文献
965.
Gaona-González A Santillán-Doherty AM Arenas-Rosas RV Muñoz-Delgado J Aguillón-Pantaleón MA Ordoñez-Gómez JD Márquez-Arias A 《Behavior research methods》2011,43(2):340-352
We propose a method for capturing vocalizations that is designed to avoid some of the limiting factors found in traditional
bioacoustical methods, such as the impossibility of obtaining continuous long-term registers or analyzing amplitude due to
the continuous change of distance between the subject and the position of the recording system. Using Bluetooth technology,
vocalizations are captured and transmitted wirelessly into a receiving system without affecting the quality of the signal.
The recordings of the proposed system were compared to those obtained as a reference, which were based on the coding of the
signal with the so-called pulse-code modulation technique in WAV audio format without any compressing process. The evaluation showed p < .05 for the measured quantitative and qualitative parameters. We also describe how the transmitting system is encapsulated
and fixed on the animal and a way to video record a spider monkey’s behavior simultaneously with the audio recordings. 相似文献
966.
Initially developed so that an individual could be recognized in mark-recapture studies of aquatic animals, fluorescent visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags are used here for a new application in ethometry: the study of the behavior of transparent animals in dim light or in darkness using automatic tracking technology. The application and validation of this multitracking method is tested in the context of research on the estuarine migratory behavior of the glass eel (Anguilla anguilla), a crucial point to better understand the dynamics of this endangered species. The method makes it possible to measure the activity (notably the distance and speed) of four individuals as a function of tidal and nycthemeral rhythms in the same flume (a circular aquarium simulating river or estuarine conditions) across a wide time scale (from seconds to weeks). 相似文献
967.
Mentzoni RA Brunborg GS Molde H Myrseth H Skouverøe KJ Hetland J Pallesen S 《Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking》2011,14(10):591-596
A nationwide survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of video game addiction and problematic video game use and their association with physical and mental health. An initial sample comprising 2,500 individuals was randomly selected from the Norwegian National Registry. A total of 816 (34.0 percent) individuals completed and returned the questionnaire. The majority (56.3 percent) of respondents used video games on a regular basis. The prevalence of video game addiction was estimated to be 0.6 percent, with problematic use of video games reported by 4.1 percent of the sample. Gender (male) and age group (young) were strong predictors for problematic use of video games. A higher proportion of high frequency compared with low frequency players preferred massively multiplayer online role-playing games, although the majority of high frequency players preferred other game types. Problematic use of video games was associated with lower scores on life satisfaction and with elevated levels of anxiety and depression. Video game use was not associated with reported amount of physical exercise. 相似文献
968.
Harju O Luukkonen AH Hakko H Räsänen P Riala K 《Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking》2011,14(7-8):461-465
The Internet plays a major role in adolescents' free time activities and communication nowadays. The aim here was to investigate the possibility of an association of computers and video games or sports (team, individual) with psychiatric disorders among underage psychiatric inpatients. The series of adolescents (n?=?508) had been diagnosed using semistructured interviews (K-SADS-PL). The results showed that an interest in computers and video games did not increase the risk of any specific psychiatric disorder among these adolescent inpatients, but the likelihood of a substance-related disorder was statistically significantly lower among the boys with computers as a hobby. Team sports were related to increased likelihood of conduct disorder among the boys, whereas the likelihood of an affective disorder was reduced. No such association was found in individual sports or among the girls. We conclude that social contacts and peers play an important role in preventing adolescent depression. 相似文献
969.
Araújo S Faísca L Bramão I Inácio F Petersson KM Reis A 《The Journal of general psychology》2011,138(3):215-228
In the present study, the authors investigate how some visual factors related to early stages of visual-object naming modulate naming performance in dyslexia. The performance of dyslexic children was compared with 2 control groups-normal readers matched for age and normal readers matched for reading level-while performing a discrete naming task in which color and dimensionality of the visually presented objects were manipulated. The results showed that 2-dimensional naming performance improved for color representations in control readers but not in dyslexics. In contrast to control readers, dyslexics were also insensitive to the stimulus's dimensionality. These findings are unlikely to be explained by a phonological processing problem related to phonological access or retrieval but suggest that dyslexics have a lower capacity for coding and decoding visual surface features of 2-dimensional representations or problems with the integration of visual information stored in long-term memory. 相似文献
970.
This study examined the role of adult attachment and personality in relation to antisocial tendencies (i.e. convictions for violence and interpersonal problems in romantic relationships) in Norwegian prison inmates (N=92). Attachment styles and personality were measured using self-report questionnaires (RSQ; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994; and NEO-FFI, Costa & McCrae, 1992a). The prison inmates scored higher on avoidant than on anxious attachment style. While age and agreeableness (negatively associated) emerged as significant predictors of violence, anxious attachment explained most of the variances in aggression in intimate relationships. The study suggests that different types of antisocial tendencies could have different attachment and general personality correlates. 相似文献