Timing matters: Negative emotion elicited 5 min but not 30 min or 45 min after learning enhances consolidation of internal-monitoring source memory

Two experiments examined the time-dependent effects of negative emotion on consolidation of item and internal-monitoring source memory. In Experiment 1, participants (n = 121) learned a list of words. They were asked to read aloud half of the words and to think about the remaining half. They were instructed to memorize each word and its associative cognitive operation (“reading” versus “thinking”). Immediately following learning they conducted free recall and then watched a 3-min either neutral or negative video clip when 5 min, 30 min or 45 min had elapsed after learning. Twenty-four hours later they returned to take surprise tests for item and source memory. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 except that participants, without conducting an immediate test of free recall, took tests of source memory for all encoded words both immediately and 24 h after learning. Experiment 1 showed that negative emotion enhanced consolidation of item memory (as measured by retention ratio of free recall) regardless of delay of emotion elicitation and that negative emotion enhanced consolidation of source memory when it was elicited at a 5 min delay but reduced consolidation of source memory when it was elicited at a 30 min delay; when elicited at a 45 min delay, negative emotion had little effect. Furthermore, Experiment 2 replicated the enhancement effect on source memory in the 5 min delay even when participants were tested on all the encoded words. The current study partially replicated prior studies on item memory and extends the literature by providing evidence for a time-dependent effect of negative emotion on consolidation of source memory based on internal monitoring.     

Abrupt, but not gradual visuomotor distortion facilitates adaptation in children with developmental coordination disorder

A previous experiment investigating visuomotor adaptation in typically developing children and children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) suggested poor adaptation to an abruptly induced visuomotor perturbation. In the current study, using a similar center-out drawing task, but administering either an abrupt or a gradual perturbation, and twice as many adaptation trials, we show that typically developing children are well able to successfully update an existing internal model in response to a 60 degrees rotation of the visual feedback, independent of the perturbation condition. Children with DCD, however, updated their internal map more effectively during exposure to an abrupt visuomotor perturbation than to a gradual one. This may suggest that the adaptation process in children with DCD responds differently to small vs. large steps of visuomotor discrepancies. Given the known role of the cerebellum in providing an error signal necessary for updating the internal model in response to a gradual visuomotor distortion, the results of our study add to the growing body of evidence implicating compromised cerebellar function in DCD.     

说"寓作于编"

一、从“述而不作”说起一般人对于古代中国学术的印象,往往是“述而不作”,这显然和强大的经典解释传统有关。注、疏、传、说、记、笺等虽各各不同,但它们从事的都是以经典为中心的述的工作。“述而不作,信而好古”,源出于《论语》,是夫子自道之辞。述是传述,作是造作,前者是述旧,后者是作新。孔子自称只是述旧而非作新,当然有谦虚的意味,①却也不妨看作是一句大实话。他的确只是在述旧,述《诗》《书》,述《礼》《乐》,自己并没有造作出新的文献。②但如果仅仅是“述”,似乎不能解释孔子在中国文化史上的崇高地位,这当然让我们重新思考述与…     

人类自我意识的多重起源：兼论精神分裂症的进化论解释

将ＰｏｗｖｉｎｅｌｌｉａｎｄＣａｎｔ提出的栖处降服假说推广以生态位－亚生态位中的维数－参量之间的更一般的互相降服情景,提出了人类的自我意识的多重起源的假设及对精神分裂症作出了进化方面的解释,最后对意识起源之谜进行了探讨和推测：意识具有精炼信息的功能。     

The relation between temperament and rate of temporal discounting

The present study examines the relationship between several temperamental traits (sensation seeking, extraversion–introversion, and impulsivity) and rate of temporal discounting, that is the rate of decrease in the subjective value of a reward as the delay to its receipt increases. Participants made choices between hypothetical monetary rewards that could be obtained immediately or after a specified delay. Temporal discounting functions were calculated and differences in rate of discounting between different groups were evaluated. For all groups of participants, hyperbolic discounting functions described well the decreases in subjective value with delay (R² ranged from 0.700 to 0.985). The rate of discounting was equivalent in high and low sensation seekers. However, both extraverts and high impulsive individuals showed higher temporal discounting rates than introverts and low impulsive individuals. The relationship between temperament and temporal discounting may be related to differences in time perception and/or to differences in susceptibility to rewards in extraverts versus introverts and in high- versus low-impulsive individuals.     

NOTE ON THE RETENTION OF CONNECTED DISCOURSE

Two sentences were constructed having roughly the same content but different predictability ( P -) scores. One or other of the sentences was presented auditorily once only to different groups of subjects who were instructed to listen carefully, without however, being informed of the learning character of the experiment. The groups were then tested for retention after one of the following intervals: IM, 3 min., 2 hours, 20 hours. The sentences were found to differ in memorability (amount recalled) in IM but not in LTM. The reproductions were also analysed with regard to synonym and non-synonym substitutions and the implications for the chunking hypothesis discussed.     

深入地思考，做出原创性贡献——威廉姆森教授访谈录

这是本文作者在英国牛津大学做访问学者期间对蒂摩西·威廉姆森（Timothy Williamson）所做的访谈录,后者是牛津大学威克汉姆逻辑学教授,英国科学院院士,美国文理科学院外籍荣誉院士。访谈首先从威廉姆森的学术背景和学术经历开始,然后主要围绕他的四本书《同一和分辨》（1990）、《模糊性》（1994）、《知识及其限度》（2000）和《哲学的哲学》（2007）展开问答与对话。在《模糊性》一书中,威廉姆森提出了一种初看起米十分反直观的观点：从本体论上说,像“秃头”、“谷堆”这样的模糊事物,本来有确切分明的界限,只是我们不知道那些界限在哪里而已!也就是说,模糊性源自于我们对事物的本体论状况的无知。这种观点被叫做关丁模糊性的“认知主义”。在《知识及其限度》一书中,他一反西方哲学中根据“信念”、“真”、“证成”（justification）等等来分析“知识”概念的传统,提出了一个著名的口号：“知识是第一位的”,应该根据“知识”去分析“信念”、“断定”、“保证”（warrant）等概念,而不是相反。在其新著《哲学的哲学》（2007）中,他指出,上个世纪两方哲学中所发生的“语言转向”和“概念转向”是错误的,哲学并不只是研究语词和概念,后两者具有关涉性（aboutness）,它们是关于、指涉这个世界的;哲学也是人类理解这个世界的整体理智努力的一部分,在题材、目标、方法论、评价标准诸方面与其他科学没有实质性差别,哲学例外论是错误的。访谈还涉及对戴维森、克里普克工作的评价,以及对一组形而上学概念,如“to be”、“to exist”、“being（s）”、“existence”、“reality”和“actuality”等等的理解,对年轻一代哲学工作者的建议,以及威廉姆森在近些年打算做的厂作,等等。读者?     

消除威胁或无能狂怒?自恋对暴力犯攻击的影响机制

通过2个研究探索了自恋与暴力犯攻击行为的关系及机制。研究1通过问卷法(N = 498)发现, 自恋与攻击存在正相关, 特质愤怒在自恋与预谋性和冲动性攻击间的中介作用成立, 心理特权的中介作用只对预谋性攻击成立。研究2对90名暴力犯进行了行为学实验, 结果表明威胁感和负性情绪在自恋与攻击间起中介作用, 挑衅调节了上述中介作用。显性自恋者只在挑衅条件下表现出更强的攻击性, 隐性自恋者则在挑衅和无挑衅条件下均有较强的攻击性。研究厘清了不同亚型下自恋与攻击的关系, 突出了隐性自恋的“黑暗性”, 并为罪犯矫治管理及犯罪预防提供了参考。     

论康德定言命令在推导实际义务方面的有效性

康德关于定言命令能有效推导出一切实际义务的主张在哲学史上一直受到广泛的批评。在那些批评者看来,定言命令作为一种普遍性、形式性的原则从逻辑上说是无法有效推导出任何实质性的内容的。然而,这种批评忽视了定言命令的公式Ⅰ(\"普遍公式\")和公式Ⅰa(\"自然法公式\")的区别及其意义。在《道德形而上学奠基》中,康德是用公式Ⅰa示范如何推导实际义务的。公式Ⅰa除了提出\"普遍化\"的形式性标准外,还由于涉及一种自然目的论,而提出了一种自然法意义上的实质性标准,即一个人对自己的完善和他人的幸福先天地负有义务。这一实质性标准保证了定言命令在推导实际义务方面的有效性,同时也赋予了康德道德哲学一种非常强烈的自然法特征。     

基于通道的内源性注意对声音诱发闪光错觉的影响

声音诱发闪光错觉是指当视觉闪光伴随不相等数量的听觉声音在100 ms内相继或同时呈现时, 个体会错觉性地知觉到视觉闪光的个数与听觉声音的数量相等。研究采用经典的声音诱发闪光错觉范式, 将注意以内源性的方式指向视觉通道或者听觉通道, 考察了基于通道的内源性注意对声音诱发闪光错觉的影响。结果发现, 当注意内源性地指向视觉通道时, 相对于基线条件, 裂变错觉的量显著减小; 当注意内源性地指向听觉通道时, 相对于基线条件, 裂变错觉的量存在增大的趋势。说明了基于通道的内源性注意可以影响声音诱发闪光错觉中的裂变错觉, 但不影响融合错觉。