排序方式: 共有41条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Pawel Bielak 《Studia Logica》1975,34(1):101-105
22.
It is unclear whether the longitudinal relation between activity participation and cognitive ability is due to preserved differentiation (active individuals have higher initial levels of cognitive ability), or differential preservation (active individuals show less negative change across time). This distinction has never been evaluated after dividing time-varying activity into its two sources of variation: between-person and within-person variability. Further, few studies have investigated how the association between activity participation and cognitive ability may differ from early to older adulthood. Using the PATH Through Life Project, we evaluated whether between- and within-person variation in activity participation was associated with cognitive ability and change within cohorts aged 20-24 years, 40-44 years, and 60-64 years at baseline (n = 7,152) assessed on three occasions over an 8-year interval. Multilevel models indicated that between-person differences in activity significantly predicted baseline cognitive ability for all age cohorts and for each assessed cognitive domain (perceptual speed, short-term memory, working memory, episodic memory, and vocabulary), even after accounting for sex, education, occupational status, and physical and mental health. In each case, greater average participation was associated with higher baseline cognitive ability. However, the size of the relationship involving average activity participation and baseline cognitive ability did not differ across adulthood. Between-person activity and within-person variation in activity level were both not significantly associated with change in cognitive test performance. Results suggest that activity participation is indeed related to cognitive ability across adulthood, but only in relation to the starting value of cognitive ability, and not change over time. 相似文献
23.
Pawel Garbacz 《Axiomathes》2012,22(3):385-401
The paper relates the basic ontological categories defined by Roman Ingarden to an engineering model of function known by the name of Functional Basis. The intended aim of this exercise in applied philosophy is to make this model more consistent and outline some possible extensions thereof. 相似文献
24.
Pawel Maciejko 《Journal of Modern Jewish Studies》2013,12(2):207-220
Louis Dembitz Brandeis (1856–1941) evolved from a political liberal, committed to free competition, hard money and honest government, to become in his maturity a social liberal chiefly pursuing social justice and free speech. In the Supreme Court (1916–1939) he remained faithful to his liberal and progressive parameters. Since about 1905 he evolved from being a half-assimilated Jew to an identified Jew and a Zionist. His original concept of Zionism was as a mission to achieve higher social goals. However, from about the mid-1920s he intensified his Zionism as a vital goal in itself. His synthesis of Progressivism and Zionism gradually came to be the classic tradition of all major American Zionist and pro-Israel trends. 相似文献
25.
Mindfulness, the core teaching of the Buddhist tradition, has been receiving serious attention from the West in recent decades as evidence of the efficacy of mindfulness‐based interventions for emotional distress have become available. Although traditional Buddhist texts have described the mechanisms of mindfulness and the way to cultivate it in great detail, much is still not known from the perspective of Western science. In particular, there is no general agreement on the conceptualization and operationalization of mindfulness. Several conceptual models of mindfulness (referred to as “state” or “trait”) have been put forward to elucidate different aspects of this phenomenon, but none has gained sufficient empirical validation. This article proposes a new cognitive model of mindfulness. It has been our goal to describe and interrelate a relatively comprehensive group of determinants of a state of mindfulness, the consequences of its regular practicing, the mechanisms responsible for its beneficial effects, and the feedback mechanisms operating between the various constituents of the model. Within this model, the primary emphasis has been placed on understanding the cognitive processes shaping a state of mindfulness (i.e., the links between consciousness, meta‐awareness and the unconscious), and on their determinants (i.e., the executive functions of attention and the components of working memory). A metacognitive system promoting mindfulness, as well as the general capability of the central executive system, is suggested as a factor explaining individual differences in mindfulness, whereas decentering, self‐compassion, and reduction of self‐focused attention are proposed as mechanisms mediating beneficial changes. We hope that the model presented will encourage further discussion and orient future studies in the area of mindfulness. 相似文献
26.
Wlasienko P 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(1):75-80
Due to the rapid advances in medical technology, medical students are now being faced with increasingly complex and unparalleled
ethical and practical dilemmas during their training. The new and future challenges of high-tech medicine demand improvements
in current medical education, not only by meeting the needs of students through humanized training programs, but also by involving
them in finding solutions to the ethical and legal quandaries they encounter.
Today’s students of medical universities must acquire knowledge and understanding of the ethical and legal issues relevant
to the practice of medicine, and we have to do everything possible to introduce these students to the current discussions
on more or less controversial ethical and legal topics. Although final answers may not be found, the very discussion, argumentation,
and awakening of students’ interest should become an essential part of the core curriculum of every doctor.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004.
The author is a student and member of the Senate Committee on Teaching. 相似文献
27.
Kerstin Uvnas-Moberg Pawel Alster Maria Petersson 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1996,31(1):44-55
As a counterpoint to studies that make a case for the use of oxytocin in short-term inhibition of food intake, the aim of the present study was to determine whether the peptide facilitates weight gain in female rats in a more long-term perspective. Two different variants of female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The two variants differed in daily weight gain (0.38 g/day vs. 1.41 g/day during 28 days), and were designated slowly and rapidly growing rats (SGR and RGR) respectively. Oxytocin 1 mg/kg given s.c. to SGR for a five-day period increased weight gain significantly in comparison to a previous five-day period with NaCl-treatment (18.0 g/5 days versus 5.0 g/5 days; p<0.01). In a separate study, oxytocin 1 mg/kg given for four days increased weight gain significantly in SGR versus saline-treated controls (7.5 g/4 days versus 1.6 g/4 days; p<0.05). The weight-difference persisted six days later (p<0.001). The weight increase of oxytocin occurred only during estrus (p<0.05) and was not accompanied by any measurable increase in food intake. In RGR, oxytocin-treatment decreased food intake significantly (p<0.001) and tended to decrease weight gain, although not significantly. The SGR and RGR also had different endocrine profiles with, for example, twice as high oxytocin (p<0.01) and insulin levels (p<0.01) in RGR compared to the SGR. These data suggest that oxytocin influences weight gain and food intake differently in the two variants of Sprague-Dawley rats, perhaps depending on factors such as endocrine profile and oxytocin sensitivity. 相似文献
28.
Pawel Boski 《Journal of applied social psychology》1991,21(1):41-77
The construct of national self-identity has been theoretically elaborated, following Tajfel's (1981) distinction between criterial and correlated (dimensional) attributes. A third identity component, affects for country, was included with these two aspects. The research program built on these distinctions was designed to compare the national self-identities of Polish immigrants to Canada. Men and women who were new (recent), old (WWII veterans) or second generation immigrants participated in the study. Polish criterial identity (knowledge and personal relevance of national symbols) exhibited a gradual decline from new to second generation immigrants, and a similar but sharper rise in Canadian criterial identity occurred. Correlated aspect of identity was measured as the similarity between self and Canadian/Polish prototypes. Unlike in the criterial sense, Self/Polish was stronger than Self/Canadian correlated identity. Self/Polish identity showed stability across gender and generation. Self/Canadian showed an increase, but only in women. Rating the prototypes high in materialism and low in the family/social concern factor resulted in a low Self/Canadian identity. Four factors were found in the affects for country test: healthy, neurotic, psychotic, and involvement. The first was predominantly a Canadian factor, and the second was a Polish factor. With a succession of new, old, and second generation groups, results showed a shift from less to more positive, from less to more concerned, and from more to less psychotic affects toward Canada. Affects toward Poland were fixed across the categories of subjects. Finally, a syndrome of positive identity with Canada was found, consisting of its criterial, correlated, and healthy affect components. 相似文献
29.
Pawel Boski 《European journal of social psychology》1983,13(3):287-304
A critical appraisal of the existing motivational versus cognitive controversies in the area of attributional research led to the formulation of a model which contains the dimension of Evaluation conceptualized independently from Locus of causality. The model was tested, with Nigerian undergraduate students serving as subjects, in an experiment on self versus other attributions for success and failure outcomes. The data revealed two major findings: (1) Positive evaluation, and not attributional asymmetry, is the pattern of self-perception in the achievement-related contexts; (2) The pattern of positive evaluation in other-perception is self-outcome mediated, it shows a high level of generalization in the co-shared experience and an egotistic reversal if opposite outcomes occur. 相似文献
30.
Pawel Ostaszewski 《欧洲人格杂志》1996,10(3):161-172
The present study examines the relationship between several temperamental traits (sensation seeking, extraversion–introversion, and impulsivity) and rate of temporal discounting, that is the rate of decrease in the subjective value of a reward as the delay to its receipt increases. Participants made choices between hypothetical monetary rewards that could be obtained immediately or after a specified delay. Temporal discounting functions were calculated and differences in rate of discounting between different groups were evaluated. For all groups of participants, hyperbolic discounting functions described well the decreases in subjective value with delay (R2 ranged from 0.700 to 0.985). The rate of discounting was equivalent in high and low sensation seekers. However, both extraverts and high impulsive individuals showed higher temporal discounting rates than introverts and low impulsive individuals. The relationship between temperament and temporal discounting may be related to differences in time perception and/or to differences in susceptibility to rewards in extraverts versus introverts and in high- versus low-impulsive individuals. 相似文献