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161.
Rachel G. Curtis Tim D. Windsor Andrea Soubelet 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(1):42-71
It is well established that fundamental aspects of cognition such as memory and speed of processing tend to decline with age; however, there is substantial between-individual variability in levels of cognitive performance in older adulthood and in rates of change in cognitive abilities over time. Recent years have seen an increasing number of studies concerned with examining personality characteristics as possible predictors of some of this variability in cognitive aging. The purpose of this article is to review the literature, and identify patterns of findings regarding the relationships between personality (focusing on the Big-5) and cognitive ability across nonclinical populations of older adults. Possible mechanisms underlying associations of personality characteristics with cognition are reviewed, and assessed in the context of the current literature. Some relatively consistent relationships are identified, including positive associations between openness and cognitive ability, and associations of conscientiousness with slower rates of cognitive decline. However, the relationships between several personality traits and cognitive abilities in older adults remain unclear. We suggest some approaches to research design and analysis that may help increase our understanding of how personality differences may contribute to cognitive aging. 相似文献
162.
Verena Klusmann Andrea Evers Ralf Schwarzer Isabella Heuser 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(3):328-339
ABSTRACT In this study we addressed the subjective benefits of activity interventions that were designed to improve cognitive fitness in old age. Two hundred and fifty-nine women (aged 70–93 years) were randomized to participate in an exercise or a computer course or a control condition for 6 months. Subjective ratings of the perceived change of cognitive and physical fitness components were captured before, during, after the intervention interval, and at a 10-month follow-up. Positive and negative affect levels and objective cognitive fitness parameters served as possible covariates. Multilevel modeling revealed that the computer group rated memory and concentration as having improved at 4 months and again at 6 months. The exercise group, in contrast, perceived physical capacities as maintained or improved. The characteristics of the activity experience seem to determine the perceived fitness changes. We conclude that actual learning experiences improve one's self-concept of abilities. 相似文献
163.
Jillian Grose-Fifer Andrea Rodrigues Steven Hoover Tina Zottoli 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(2):81-91
Poor decision making during adolescence occurs most frequently when situations
are emotionally charged. However, relatively few studies have measured the
development of cognitive control in response to emotional stimuli in this
population. This study used both affective (emotional faces) and non-affective
(letter) stimuli in two different flanker tasks to assess the ability to ignore
task-irrelevant but distracting information, in 25 adults and 25 adolescents. On
the non-emotional (letter) flanker task, the presence of incongruent flanking
letters increased the number of errors, and also slowed participants’ ability to
identify a central letter. Adolescents committed more errors than adults, but
there were no age-related differences for the reaction time interference effect
in the letter condition. Post-hoc testing revealed that age-related differences
on the task were driven by the younger adolescents (11-14 years); adults and
older adolescents (15-17 years) were equally accurate in the letter condition.
In contrast, on the emotional face flanker task, not only were adolescents less
accurate than adults but they were also more distracted by task-irrelevant
fearful faces as evidenced by greater reaction time interference effects. Our
findings suggest that the ability to self-regulate in adolescents, as evidenced
by the ability to suppress irrelevant information on a flanker task, is more
difficult when stimuli are affective in nature. The ability to ignore irrelevant
flankers appears to mature earlier for non-affective stimuli than for affective
stimuli. 相似文献
164.
Marijt J. Witteman Andrea Weber James M. McQueen 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(3):537-556
We investigated how the strength of a foreign accent and varying types of experience with foreign-accented speech influence the recognition of accented words. In Experiment 1, native Dutch listeners with limited or extensive prior experience with German-accented Dutch completed a cross-modal priming experiment with strongly, medium, and weakly accented words. Participants with limited experience were primed by the medium and weakly accented words, but not by the strongly accented words. Participants with extensive experience were primed by all accent types. In Experiments 2 and 3, Dutch listeners with limited experience listened to a short story before doing the cross-modal priming task. In Experiment 2, the story was spoken by the priming task speaker and either contained strongly accented words or did not. Strongly accented exposure led to immediate priming by novel strongly accented words, while exposure to the speaker without strongly accented tokens led to priming only in the experiment’s second half. In Experiment 3, listeners listened to the story with strongly accented words spoken by a different German-accented speaker. Listeners were primed by the strongly accented words, but again only in the experiment’s second half. Together, these results show that adaptation to foreign-accented speech is rapid but depends on accent strength and on listener familiarity with those strongly accented words. 相似文献
165.
Andrea L. Rotzien Ph.D. 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2002,21(3):220-239
Mental health professionals acting as expert witnesses are expected to testify about the prevalence of sexual abuse, and also
about the veracity of memory. In cases involving adult survivors of sexual abuse, this testimony is typically about repressed
and false memory syndromes. Many professionals have noted concerns about the lack of definitive data to support either syndrome.
This study examined the following variables: juror knowledge and experience with repressed and false memory syndromes, juror
attitudes about sexual abuse and memory recovery techniques, and gender of juror on verdict. Results include effects for repressed
memory knowledge/experience and gender. Gender differences were found regarding attitudes about abuse and memory. Concluding
comments include practical and research implications of the study results. 相似文献
166.
Effects of Damage to Right-Hemisphere Brain Structures on Spontaneous Emotional and Social Judgments
Andrea S. Heberlein Ralph Adolphs James W. Pennebaker Daniel Tranel 《Political psychology》2003,24(4):705-726
Recent work in cognitive and social neuroscience has focused on the neural substrates of social judgment. The present study explores the effects of damage to the right-hemisphere somatosensory cortices (RSS), a region known for its role in emotion recognition. Seven subjects with RSS damage were shown a short movie depicting objects that move in socially suggestive ways, a stimulus that typically elicits spontaneous social and emotional attributions from normal subjects. The spontaneous verbal responses of RSS-damaged subjects to this movie were compared to those of normal subjects as well as brain-damaged control subjects; the data were derived using a word count and categorization computer program. This method measures spontaneous social and emotional judgments rather than the more typical rating and labeling measures used in neuropsychological studies of social judgment. As predicted, relative to brain-damaged and normal controls, subjects with RSS damage reacted to the stimulus movie with fewer words in categories describing emotional and social processes, despite using a similar total number of words (and slightly more words describing movement, a control category). These results provide further evidence for the role of the RSS in social/emotional processing and identify a role for the RSS in automatic representation in ourselves of body states of others to foster emotion recognition and social cognition. 相似文献
167.
We investigate a contractionless naive set theory, due to Grisin [11]. We prove that the theory is undecidable. 相似文献
168.
169.
170.
Ann Vander Stoep PhD Elizabeth McCauley PhD ABPP Cynthia Flynn PhD Andrea Stone PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2009,39(6):599-613
The prevalence and persistence of thoughts of death and suicide during early adolescence were estimated in a community‐based cohort. A latent class approach was used to identify distinct subgroups based on endorsements to depression items administered repeatedly over 24 months. Two classes emerged, with 75% in a low ideation class across four assessments. Less than 2% persisted in the high ideation class over three or more assessments. African American and Asian American adolescents were more likely than European Americans to belong to the high ideation class. No members of the low ideation class endorsed “thought about killing myself,” while “thoughts of death and dying” was endorsed by members of both classes. Implications for interpreting meanings of death and suicide ideation in early adolescence are discussed. 相似文献