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291.
Paulo Rogério Dalla Colletta de Aguiar Tiago Pires Tatton-Ramos Letícia Oliveira Alminhana 《Journal of religion and health》2017,56(6):1930-1936
Belief in the healing power of prayer is found in various religious traditions. Spiritually grounded clinical interventions, such as intercessory prayer (IP), need to be understood in a broader sense. This essay features the IP trials, observing the controversial relationship between inconsistent results and allegedly inadequate methods and theoretical hypothesis. A survey of the literature was conducted including publications indexed until September 2013, focusing on the trials developed in the field and on the critics about the methodological design. Recent meta-analyses and multicenter studies found inconclusive results in the investigation of IP. Clinical trials on IP present some methodological difficulties: The intervention is not fully controlled; the primary outcome is not properly defined; and the theoretical models seem inconsistent. The “non-local consciousness” model may be appropriate for studies of IP. Directions for future research: greater emphasis on the evaluation of the effectiveness of this intervention in animal models; selection of subjects and healers who have previous connection; considering the hypothesis of non-local consciousness in the study design. 相似文献
292.
There is a crucial debate concerning the nature of chess chunks: One current possibility states that chunks are built by encoding particular combinations of pieces-on-squares (POSs), and that chunks are formed mostly by "close" pieces (in a "Euclidean" sense). A complementary hypothesis is that chunks are encoded by abstract, semantic information. This article extends recent experiments and shows that chess players are able to perceive strong similarity between very different positions if the pieces retain the same abstract roles in both of them. This casts doubt on the idea that POS information is the key information encoded in chess chunks, and this article proposes, instead, that the key encoding involves the abstract roles that pieces (and sets of pieces) play-a theoretical standpoint in line with the research program in semantics that places analogy at the core of cognition. 相似文献
293.
The transition from high school is a pivotal period for intergenerational relations, as the asymmetry characterizing pre-transition
relations with parents is reconfigured. Changes in adolescent–parent relations across this transition have potentially important
implications for post-transition adjustment. A prospective study was conducted with an ethnically diverse sample that included
adolescents who were not college-bound. Maternal, but not paternal, relations improved across the transition from high school
to adult life. Changes in support from both mothers and fathers were associated with changes in relationship satisfaction
and changes in satisfaction predicted post-transition adjustment. The results verify the importance of parental support to
the quality of relational bonds between young adults and their parents. They also affirm the significance of these bonds for
post-transition adjustment. 相似文献
294.
Research shows abnormal function of the pre-frontal cortex in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This cortex is involved in the control of executive functions related to planning and execution of goal-oriented strategies, working memory, inhibitions, cognitive flexibility, and selective attention. Selective attention involves focus on the target stimulus, ignoring competing distractions. The Stroop Test (Stroop, 1935) is usually used to evaluate selective attention. This study investigated whether children with ADHD could exhibit modified performance in the Stroop Test. Using a computerized version of this test (Capovilla, Montiel, Macedo, & Charin, 2005), the study compared the reaction times (RTs) of 62 Brazilian children, between 8 and 12 years of age, 31 of whom were diagnosed with ADHD and sent to psychiatric clinics, and 31 without ADHD studying in regular schools. All children with ADHD satisfied the criteria of the DSM-IV-TR and were evaluated with the Conners Abbreviated Questionnaire (Goyette, Conners, & Ulrich, 1978), completed by parents and teachers. The results revealed that children with ADHD exhibit greater interference in RT than children without ADHD. This corroborated the hypothesis that children with ADHD exhibit a deficit in selective attention, consisting in augmented RTs, as measured by the Computerized Stroop Test. 相似文献
295.
296.
Orejudo Hernández S Froján Parga MX Malo Aznar C 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2007,10(2):388-398
A study was carried out with 501 persons to analyze the predictive capacity of various psychosocial variables-symptom perception, neuroticism, Personality Types 2 and 4 of Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck, beliefs about health, social support, or certain coping styles-on two health-related behaviors: the frequency of visits to the doctor and self-medication. The results were analyzed by two structural equation models that revealed that some of the variables have direct effects on the behaviors, whereas other variables, such as attribution style, coping styles, or the impact of the stressors, have indirect effects via the reported symptoms or neuroticism. In addition, self-medication and the frequency of health service visits are independent of each other, which shows that their determinants are different. It is concluded that to address these factors in the two health indicators, it is also necessary to take in account the psychosocial variables considered herein. 相似文献
297.
Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo's (1992) processing efficiency theory. It is assumed that anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal-directed attentional system and increases the extent to which processing is influenced by the stimulus-driven attentional system. In addition to decreasing attentional control, anxiety increases attention to threat-related stimuli. Adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency depend on two central executive functions involving attentional control: inhibition and shifting. However, anxiety may not impair performance effectiveness (quality of performance) when it leads to the use of compensatory strategies (e.g., enhanced effort; increased use of processing resources). Directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
298.
A frequent problem for decision makers (DMs) analysing decisions involving multiple objectives is the identification and selection of the most preferred option from the set of non‐dominated solutions. Two techniques, weighted sum optimization and reference point optimization, have been developed to address this problem for multiobjective linear programming problems (MOLP). In this paper, we examine the relationship between these two techniques. We demonstrate that the values of the dual variables associate with auxiliary constraints of the reference point technique are equal to the weight values used to compute the same non‐dominated solution via the weighted sum technique. This insight will enable the development of new interactive solution procedures for MOLPs which allow the DM to readily switch from one method to the other during the search for the most preferred non‐dominated solution. The advantages of the approach are discussed in the paper. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
299.
Srgio L.C. Oliveira Jos R.H. Carvalho Paulo A.V. Ferreira 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》1998,7(4):181-192
In this paper hierarchical multicriteria optimization problems are addressed in a convex programming framework. It is assumed that the criteria are aggregated into a nonlinear function, which renders the problem nonseparable, in general. The projection of the problem onto the criteria space is used to obtain an equivalent separable problem, solved through a relaxation procedure implemented on basis of a multilevel structure. At the upper level of the structure, the decision making process involves the solution of a multicriteria problem formulated in the criteria space. The solution encountered at the upper level originates a lower level parametric optimization problem with separable structure that can be treated by standard coordination-decomposition techniques. The convergence of the overall procedure is ensured. The paper includes an application of the approach proposed for the control of dynamic systems with linear quadratic structure. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
300.
Bastos Rita Martins Beatriz Cabral João Alexandre Ceia Filipe R. Ramos Jaime A. Paiva Vítor H. Luís António Santos Mário 《Animal cognition》2020,23(4):629-642
Animal Cognition - Oceans are extremely dynamic environments, which poses challenges for top-predators such as seabirds to find food resources. Yet, seabirds evolved sensorial abilities (olfactory... 相似文献