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The focus of this study is on the problem of unequal participation of students within small cooperative learning groups in middle-school classrooms. According to previous research using Status Characteristic Theory, this unequal participation stems from differential expectations for competence based on academic and peer status. Previous research had also found that in classrooms where rank on these two status orders was uncorrelated (incongruent classrooms), problems of unequal participation were less severe. This study involved systematic observations of students in working groups in four middle-school science classrooms. The derivation of hypotheses required an extension of Status Characteristic Theory to handle three-to-five-person groups working in a multicharacteristic situation. The results showed good support for hypotheses explaining the effect of incongruence in the social structure on participation of low-status students. Incongruent classrooms had fewer small groups that were highly differentiated on status. Moreover, the degree of status differentiation in the groups was a direct predictor of the participation rates of the low-status students. Thus, the less differentiated groups in incongruent classrooms showed fewer status problems. As a practical matter, the tendency of students to construct peer status orders that are independent of academic status acts as a natural treatment for unequal participation.  相似文献   
33.
Four bilingual Cuban-American male adolescents who were dysfluent in their primary language (Spanish) were referred to a bilingual speech pathologist. The boys and their parents were individually interviewed and administered questionnaires. Responses obtained helped explain possible reasons for the youngster's dysfluencies in only one of their acquired languages as well as reasons for the onset of the dysfluent speech. Sociological and cultural factors apparently play a major role. Parental cooperation and involvement would therefore be vital in remediation?  相似文献   
34.
The present research investigated the effects of multiple images on associative learning. In Experiment 1, subjects formed either a noninteractive image of two words, a single interactive image, a multiple interactive image consisting of multiple copies of the same image, or a multiple interactive image consisting of different images. In Experiment 2, the different multiple images were formed across trials instead of simultaneously during the same trial. Both experiments showed that, although interactive images are superior to noninteractive images, there is no reliable facilitation from multiple images as compared with single images. The results were discussed in terms of the variable-encoding hypothesis and previous findings that multiple retrieval paths facilitate verbal learning.  相似文献   
35.
Approximately 40% of college students reported engaging in heavy episodic or "binge" drinking in the 2 weeks prior to being surveyed. Research indicates that college students suffering from depression are more likely to report experiencing negative consequences related to their drinking than other students are. The reasons for this relationship have not been well-studied. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine whether use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS), defined as cognitive-behavioral strategies an individual can use when drinking alcohol that limit both consumption and alcohol-related problems, mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and alcohol-related negative consequences among college students. Data were obtained from 686 participants from a large, public university who were referred to an alcohol intervention as a result of violating on-campus alcohol policies. Results from structural equation modeling analyses indicated that use of PBS partially mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and alcohol-related negative consequences. Implications for clinicians treating college students who report experiencing depressive symptoms or consuming alcohol are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).  相似文献   
36.
The role of the minister or pastor is pivotal in the development and operation of church-based services and programs and in the delivery of services. They can initiate changes and can equip the officers and members so that families troubled by substance abuse issues can find a climate of acceptance, understanding, and recovery in the local congregation. They can also serve as a referral source to members of the mental health professionals for assistance with alcohol and other substance abuse problems. For our purposes in this article, the term "clergy" refers to congregational and parish clergy. The focus of this discussion pertains to the role of clergy in providing assistance for members of their congregations with substance abuse problems. Implications and recommendations for collaborations and specific resources are also included that may increase the awareness of those issues and to increase effectiveness of service to those needing it.  相似文献   
37.
Black Lives Matter is a clarion call for racial equality and racial justice. With the arrival of Africans as slaves in 1619, a racial hierarchy was formed in the United States. However, slavery is commonly dismissed as that less than noble aspect of the United States’ history without really confronting the legacies of racial inequality and racial injustice left in its wake. White supremacy, based on the myths of white superiority and Black inferiority, have obscured racial inequality and racial injustice, resulting in blaming the victims. Using Black Lives Matter as a platform, we focus on some key considerations for theory, research, education, training, and practice in clinical, community, and larger systems contexts. Broadly, we focus on Black Lives Matter, literally; Black dehumanization; historical oppression; healing; and implications for the field of family therapy. More specifically, we draw attention to health disparities, mass incarceration and aggressive policing, intergenerational racial trauma, restorative justice, and antiracist work.  相似文献   
38.
The presenting concerns of racial and ethnic minority students at a university counseling center were examined. Results revealed that family and romantic relationship issues, academic concerns, and depression were among their primary concerns. Implications for developing outreach programs to address the mental health needs of similar college students are discussed.  相似文献   
39.
The Effect of Scarcity on Anticipated Price Appreciation   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Researchers in psychology and marketing have found that consumers' perceptions and evaluations of a product's attractiveness, desirability, expensiveness, quality, and taste are affected by knowledge that the product is scarce. This study examines scarcity's effect on a new variable—anticipated price appreciation. Although scarcity does not affect a product's actual potential for price appreciation, news reports of scarce collectibles that have appreciated in value may lead people to develop naive economic theories associating scarcity with price appreciation. Consistent with this expectation, we found that scarcity increased the anticipated price appreciation of two collectible products. The practical implications of this result are discussed along with issues for future research.  相似文献   
40.
Increasing demands are being placed on a limited pool of mental health professionals to deliver a steadily growing array of effective treatments in an efficient and acceptable manner. The integration of behavioral technology and computing technology may provide a possible solution to the problem of resource limitations. An interactive computer-assisted program for the treatment of mild to moderate unipolar and dysthymic depressive disorders is described. The effectiveness of this treatment will be empirically examined.  相似文献   
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