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Robert A. Rescorla Paula J. Durlach 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1987,39(1):35-48
Two experiments evaluated the role of differential conditioning of the context in mediating the effect of intertrial interval (ITI) in autoshaping. In Experiment 1 pigeons were given acquisition with two keylights, each presented in a particular context. A given keylight/context combination had associated with it either a short (10-sec) or a long (2-min) ITI. Acquisition was more rapid with the long ITI. Tests with those keylights in a common third context indicated that the longer ITI had resulted in greater conditioning. On the other hand, pigeons trained on keylights with mixed ITIs in a third context evoked more responding when they were tested in the short ITI context compared with the long ITI context. That suggests that a context with a history of a short ITI enhances performance. In Experiment 2, two keylights were initially conditioned with mixed ITIs and then extinguished in different contexts under different ITI lengths. Extinction was more rapid for the keylight presented with a short ITI. That difference persisted when the keylights were tested with mixed ITIs in a common third context, suggesting a difference in associative strength of the keylights. The results are interpreted in terms of differential context conditioning resulting in differences in learning about the keylight. 相似文献
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Peter Ellis Paula Robinson Donna Ciliska Tanya Armour Melissa Brouwers Mary Ann O'Brien Jonathan Sussman Parminder Raina 《Health psychology》2005,24(5):488-500
With this review, the authors sought to determine what strategies have been evaluated (including the outcomes assessed) to disseminate cancer control interventions that promote the uptake of behavior change. Five topic areas along the cancer care continuum (smoking cessation, healthy diet, mammography, cervical cancer screening, and control of cancer pain) were selected to be representative. A systematic review was conducted of primary studies evaluating dissemination of a cancer control intervention. Thirty-one studies were identified that evaluated dissemination strategies in the 5 topic areas. No strong evidence currently exists to recommend any one dissemination strategy as effective in promoting the uptake of cancer control interventions. The authors conclude that there is a strong need for more research into dissemination of cancer control interventions. Future research should consider methodological issues such as the most appropriate study design and outcomes to be evaluated. 相似文献
775.
Acquired Capability for Suicide,Pain Tolerance,and Fearlessness of Pain—Validation of the Pain Tolerance Scale of the German Capability for Suicide Questionnaire 下载免费PDF全文
Sarah Wachtel DP Paula Siegmann MSc Cäcilia Ocklenburg MSc Lisa Hebermehl MSc Ulrike Willutzki PhD Tobias Teismann PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2015,45(5):541-555
The interpersonal theory of suicide (Joiner, 2005) postulates that for a serious suicide attempt, one has to possess the acquired capability to commit suicide. Acquired capability includes higher pain tolerance, which is further assumed to comprise both an elevated physical pain tolerance and fearlessness of pain. Recently, the German Capability for Suicide Questionnaire (GCSQ) was validated. The aim of this study is further validation of the GCSQ's Pain Tolerance scale by investigating the scale's association with objective pain tolerance and fearlessness of pain in two undergraduate samples (N = 81; N = 76). Both associations were found indicating a strong criterion validity of the Pain Tolerance scale. 相似文献
776.
Paula J. Durlach 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1984,36(4):353-369
Three autoshaping experiments, using pigeon subjects, examined the effect of presenting an S+ or an S- on acquisition to a different conditioned stimulus (CS). Experiment 1 found that signalling intertrial food with an S+ or an S- allowed acquisition of responding to the target-CS; however, that acquisition was slower when the signal was the S+. Experiment 2 found that even when the S+ or S- were presented without food in the intertrial interval, acquisition was slower in the group receiving the S+. Experiment 3 found that a similar, but weaker effect occurred when the S+ or S- stimuli were presented in the session prior to target-CS training, rather than intermixed. These results have implications for the interpretation of experiments that use a signalling manipulation to assess the interaction of CS and context in Pavlovian conditioning; they suggest that signalling unconditioned stimuli (USs) may have consequences other than that of modulating context-US learning. 相似文献
777.
Considerable evidence demonstrates the importance of both job demands and job resources in the prediction of employee health and motivational outcomes. However, scant empirical evidence explains how broader organisational factors can also have an impact on these outcomes. Utilising the job demands-resources (JD-R) model as a theoretical explanation of occupational stress, we examined the impact of employees’ alignment with their organisation's strategic objectives (strategic alignment) in predicting long-term occupational health outcomes. The sample consisted of 1,601 police officers employed in one Australian police service, who completed two self-report surveys over 12 months. Results of the study indicated that strategic alignment was the only resource to reduce psychological strain, and to increase work engagement over time. Job demands were not found to be significantly associated with either psychological strain or work engagement over time. There was also no evidence of the moderating effects of job resources on health and motivational outcomes. The theoretical and practical implications of the inclusion of strategic alignment as an organisational resource are discussed. 相似文献
778.
Motivation and Emotion - How much acoustic signal is enough for an accurate recognition of nonverbal emotional vocalizations? Using a gating paradigm (7 gates from 100 to 700 ms), the... 相似文献
779.
Paula Boddington 《Journal of applied philosophy》1998,15(1):69-81
Who should decide about organ donation after death, the individual or the family? This paper examines why this practical question can be difficult to resolve. A comparison is made between standard decision-making in medicine and decision-making about organ donation. The questions are raised of the connection of the dead body to the person, and of who properly has autonomous control over the dead body. To understand the issues, an exploration of autonomy is needed, but at the same time this shows that a resolution depends on addressing complex spiritual and cultural issues, and questions about the autonomy of the individual versus that of the group. 相似文献
780.