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951.
The aim of the study was to elucidate whether and how reliance on a second language impacts the learning of new information
under very basic learning conditions. The paradigm used to investigate this issue required individuals to learn a series of
associations between numerals and particular letter strings. Participants were two groups of university students: (1) individuals
for whom spoken Hebrew was the mother tongue and written Hebrew a primary orthography (L1 group), and (2) individuals for
whom Hebrew, both spoken and written, was a second language (L2 group). Data were collected under two conditions. In the language-dependent
condition (LDC), the paradigm required learning associations between eight numerals and the letter strings of eight familiar
Hebrew words. In the language-independent condition (LIC), it required learning associations between eight numerals and eight
random letter strings in Hebrew. Results suggest that learners may be significantly disadvantaged when compelled to learn
new information mediated in a second language. This disadvantage appears to manifest itself at a very basic learning level
and in instances where new information is mediated by language that is fairly overlearned by the L2 learner. 相似文献
952.
Paul E. Engelhardt Martin Corley Joel T. Nigg Fernanda Ferreira 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):617-628
Disfluency is a common occurrence in speech and is generally thought to be related to difficulty in the production system.
One unexplored issue is the extent to which inhibition is required to prevent incorrect speech plans from being articulated.
Therefore, we examined disfluency production in participants with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which
is linked to deficits in inhibitory function and response suppression (Nigg, 2001). Participants completed a sentence production
task in which they were presented with two pictures and a verb and their task was to produce a sentence. If inhibition plays
a role in preventing incorrect speech plans, we would expect ADHD participants to produce more repetition and repair disfluencies
than would non-ADHD controls. The results showed that one subtype of ADHD (i.e., the combined) produced more repair disfluencies
as task demands increased. We conclude that the production system relies on inhibitory control in order to prevent errors
in language production. 相似文献
953.
Paul Snowdon 《The Southern journal of philosophy》2010,48(1):8-27
It is common for philosophers to hold that experience can be characterized in a basic way as being something it is like for someone to undergo. In the paper it is argued that when this slogan is examined it is in some respects trivial and in others mistaken. It is concluded that the slogan should be abandoned. 相似文献
954.
Tako A. Horsley Bram Orobio de Castro Menno Van der Schoot 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(5):587-599
Acording to social information processing theories, aggressive children are hypersensitive to cues of hostility and threat
in other people’s behavior. However, even though there is ample evidence that aggressive children over-interpret others’ behaviors
as hostile, it is unclear whether this hostile attribution tendency does actually result from overattending to hostile and
threatening cues. Since encoding is posited to consist of rapid automatic processes, it is hard to assess with the selfreport
measures that have been used so far. Therefore, we used a novel approach to investigate visual encoding of social information.
The eye movements of thirty 10–13 year old children with lower levels and thirty children with higher levels of aggressive
behavior were monitored in real time with an eyetracker, as the children viewed ten different cartoon series of ambiguous
provocation situations. In addition, participants answered questions concerning encoding and interpretation. Aggressive children
did not attend more to hostile cues, nor attend less to non-hostile cues than non-aggressive children. Contrary, aggressive
children looked longer at non-hostile cues, but nonetheless attributed more hostile intent than their non-aggressive peers.
These findings contradict the traditional bottom-up processing hypotheses that aggressive behavior would be related with failure
to attend to non-hostile cues. The findings seem best explained by topdown information processing, where aggressive children’s
pre-existing hostile intent schemata (1) direct attention towards schema inconsistent non-hostile cues, (2) prevent further
processing and recall of such schema-inconsistent information, and (3) lead to hostile intent attribution and aggressive responding,
disregarding the schema-inconsistent non-hostile information. 相似文献
955.
Paul Boxer 《Aggressive behavior》2010,36(3):205-217
Although other‐ and self‐directed aggression covary in very high‐risk youth, these forms of aggression infrequently are studied simultaneously. Understanding better their covariation is an important task for improving services to high‐risk youth. In this study, data from the clinical records of 476 youth admitted to secure inpatient treatment were analyzed to examine relations among self‐ and other‐directed aggression exhibit before and during inpatient treatment. Analyses tested the hypotheses that self‐ and other‐directed aggression would tend to covary and display continuity from pre‐treatment to in‐treatment. Also tested were the hypotheses that youth with histories of co‐occurring self‐ and other‐directed aggression would show the highest levels of aggression during treatment and the greatest degree of personal and contextual risk on entering treatment. These hypotheses were largely supported. Exploratory analyses revealed interesting discontinuities in aggression (aggression emitted only before or during treatment) with critical implications for research and practice with youth receiving clinical care, especially those in institutional placements. Aggr. Behav. 36:205–217, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
956.
957.
958.
Thom Van Dooren 《Science as culture》2013,22(1):71-94
What is mental disorder and how can it be identified? These are complex and multifaceted questions, given the multiple ambiguities that centre on the psychopathological concepts employed within contemporary psychiatry and psychology. Yet, scientists investigating mental disorders must successfully resolve these uncertainties if research is to continue. For neuroscientists studying the contested conditions antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, psychiatric and psychological classifications and concepts are used to substantiate one another. This co-produces epistemological and ontological un/certainties, without wholly resolving philosophical and methodological questions regarding what mental disorders are and how they can be recognised. Indeed, these ambiguities are rendered (relatively) unimportant. This kind of practical uncertainty work is thus an important aspect of the investigative process, performing an essential role in the continuation of scientific knowledge production, the legitimation of professional orientations, and the validation of psychopathological concepts. 相似文献
959.
960.
Self‐criticism has long been associated with a variety of psychological problems and is often a key focus for intervention in psychotherapy. Recent work has suggested that self‐critics have underelaborated and underdeveloped capacities for compassionate self‐soothing and warmth. This pilot study developed a diary for monitoring self‐attacking and self‐soothing thoughts and images. It also explored the personal experiences of a group of volunteer self‐critics from the local depression support group who were given training in self‐soothing and self‐compassion. Although using small numbers, this study suggests the potential value of developing more complex methodologies for studying the capacity for self‐compassion, interventions to increase self‐compassion (including imagery techniques), and their effects on mental health. 相似文献