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971.
Robert R. McCrae Antonio Terracciano Filip De Fruyt Marleen De Bolle Michele J. Gelfand Paul T. Costa Jr. 《Journal of personality》2010,78(3):815-838
ABSTRACT We examined properties of culture‐level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture‐level scores from previous studies of self‐reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross‐study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non‐Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture‐level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted. 相似文献
972.
Kirby Deater‐Deckard Charles Beekman Zhe Wang Jungmeen Kim Stephen Petrill Lee Thompson Laura DeThorne 《Journal of personality》2010,78(3):991-1010
ABSTRACT We examined mothers' ratings of children's affective and behavioral aspects of approach tendencies and links with overt aggressive behavior problems while considering the genetic etiology of these processes. Approach/positive anticipation (AP), frustration/anger (FA), and overt aggression in 4–9‐year‐olds were assessed using mothers' reports in a diverse national sample (n=992) and a sample of same‐sex twins (n=195 pairs). AP and FA were positively correlated with each other and with overt aggression (r from .2 to .5), and these associations were very similar for boys and girls. AP and FA provided overlapping as well as independent statistical prediction of aggression. AP statistical prediction of aggression was substantially mediated by FA, an effect that was accounted for by underlying genetic and nonshared environmental influences. 相似文献
973.
Paul Elbourne 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2010,39(1):101-111
Soames (Philos Top 15:44–87, 1987, J Philos Logic 37:267–276, 2008) has argued that propositions cannot be sets of truth-supporting circumstances. This argument is criticized for assuming
that various singular terms are directly referential when in fact there are good grounds to doubt this. 相似文献
974.
A dominant theme in modeling human perceptual judgments is that sensory neural activity is summed or integrated until a critical bound is reached. Such models predict that, in general, the shape of response time distributions change across conditions, although in practice, this shape change may be subtle. An alternative view is that response time distributions are shape invariant across conditions or groups. Shape invariance is predicted by some race models in which the first of several parallel fibers to communicate the signal determines the response. We competitively assess a specific gradual growth model, the one-bound diffusion model, against a natural shape-invariant competitor: shape invariance in an inverse Gaussian distribution. Assessment of subtle shape change versus shape invariance of response time distributions is aided by a Bayesian approach that allows the pooling of information across multiple participants. We find, conditional on reasonable distributional assumptions, subtle shape changes in response time that are highly concordant with a simple diffusion gradual growth model and discordant with shape invariance. 相似文献
975.
Two measures of effect size are described for the Mantel-Haenszel test. Both measures belong to the r-family of effect size measures. One measure is based on a maximum-corrected model, and the second measure is based on a chance-corrected model. 相似文献
976.
BIRGITTA BÖHM AIKO LUNDEQUIST ANN‐CHARLOTTE SMEDLER 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2010,51(5):376-384
Böhm, B., Lundequist, A. & Smedler, A.‐C. (2010). Visual‐motor and executive functions in children born preterm: The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test revisited. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 376–384. Visual‐motor development and executive functions were investigated with the Bender Test at age 5½ years in 175 children born preterm and 125 full‐term controls, within the longitudinal Stockholm Neonatal Project. Assessment also included WPPSI‐R and NEPSY neuropsychological battery for ages 4–7 ( Korkman, 1990 ). Bender protocols were scored according to Brannigan & Decker (2003) , Koppitz (1963) and a complementary neuropsychological scoring system (ABC), aimed at executive functions and developed for this study. Bender results by all three scoring systems were strongly related to overall cognitive level (Performance IQ), in both groups. The preterm group displayed inferior visual‐motor skills compared to controls also when controlling for IQ. The largest group differences were found on the ABC scoring, which shared unique variance with NEPSY tests of executive function. Multiple regression analyses showed that hyperactive behavior and inattention increased the risk for visual‐motor deficits in children born preterm, whereas no added risk was seen among hyperactive term children. Gender differences favoring girls were strongest within the preterm group, presumably reflecting the specific vulnerability of preterm boys. The results indicate that preterm children develop a different neurobehavioral organization from children born at term, and that the Bender test with a neuropsychological scoring is a useful tool in developmental screening around school start. 相似文献
977.
The aim of the study was to elucidate whether and how reliance on a second language impacts the learning of new information
under very basic learning conditions. The paradigm used to investigate this issue required individuals to learn a series of
associations between numerals and particular letter strings. Participants were two groups of university students: (1) individuals
for whom spoken Hebrew was the mother tongue and written Hebrew a primary orthography (L1 group), and (2) individuals for
whom Hebrew, both spoken and written, was a second language (L2 group). Data were collected under two conditions. In the language-dependent
condition (LDC), the paradigm required learning associations between eight numerals and the letter strings of eight familiar
Hebrew words. In the language-independent condition (LIC), it required learning associations between eight numerals and eight
random letter strings in Hebrew. Results suggest that learners may be significantly disadvantaged when compelled to learn
new information mediated in a second language. This disadvantage appears to manifest itself at a very basic learning level
and in instances where new information is mediated by language that is fairly overlearned by the L2 learner. 相似文献
978.
Paul E. Engelhardt Martin Corley Joel T. Nigg Fernanda Ferreira 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):617-628
Disfluency is a common occurrence in speech and is generally thought to be related to difficulty in the production system.
One unexplored issue is the extent to which inhibition is required to prevent incorrect speech plans from being articulated.
Therefore, we examined disfluency production in participants with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which
is linked to deficits in inhibitory function and response suppression (Nigg, 2001). Participants completed a sentence production
task in which they were presented with two pictures and a verb and their task was to produce a sentence. If inhibition plays
a role in preventing incorrect speech plans, we would expect ADHD participants to produce more repetition and repair disfluencies
than would non-ADHD controls. The results showed that one subtype of ADHD (i.e., the combined) produced more repair disfluencies
as task demands increased. We conclude that the production system relies on inhibitory control in order to prevent errors
in language production. 相似文献
979.
Paul Snowdon 《The Southern journal of philosophy》2010,48(1):8-27
It is common for philosophers to hold that experience can be characterized in a basic way as being something it is like for someone to undergo. In the paper it is argued that when this slogan is examined it is in some respects trivial and in others mistaken. It is concluded that the slogan should be abandoned. 相似文献
980.
Dan Cavedon‐Taylor 《Ratio》2010,23(2):141-150
The claim that photographs are fictionally incompetent (i.e. that they can only depict those particulars they are appropriately causally related to) is argued by Noël Carroll, Gregory Currie, and Nigel Warburton to be falsified by cinematic works of fiction. In response I firstly argue that it does not follow from cinema's having a capacity for the representation of ficta that photography has a capacity for the representation of ficta. Secondly, and inspired by the work of Roger Scruton, I develop an account of how it is that cinema represents ficta on which this is fundamentally a matter of dramatic/theatrical representation. I argue that in cinematic fiction photography delivers a pre‐existent representation of ficta rather than creating or generating fictional content. With this being so, the claim that photography is fictionally incompetent is compatible with cinematic fiction. 1 相似文献