全文获取类型
收费全文 | 29949篇 |
免费 | 415篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 50篇 |
2021年 | 89篇 |
2020年 | 158篇 |
2019年 | 185篇 |
2018年 | 3658篇 |
2017年 | 3018篇 |
2016年 | 2484篇 |
2015年 | 399篇 |
2014年 | 341篇 |
2013年 | 1284篇 |
2012年 | 981篇 |
2011年 | 2774篇 |
2010年 | 2737篇 |
2009年 | 1732篇 |
2008年 | 2068篇 |
2007年 | 2517篇 |
2006年 | 394篇 |
2005年 | 556篇 |
2004年 | 506篇 |
2003年 | 434篇 |
2002年 | 360篇 |
2001年 | 205篇 |
2000年 | 213篇 |
1999年 | 167篇 |
1998年 | 172篇 |
1997年 | 136篇 |
1996年 | 124篇 |
1995年 | 133篇 |
1994年 | 105篇 |
1993年 | 100篇 |
1992年 | 111篇 |
1991年 | 99篇 |
1990年 | 101篇 |
1989年 | 91篇 |
1988年 | 101篇 |
1987年 | 73篇 |
1986年 | 72篇 |
1985年 | 98篇 |
1984年 | 95篇 |
1983年 | 86篇 |
1982年 | 84篇 |
1981年 | 74篇 |
1980年 | 71篇 |
1979年 | 65篇 |
1978年 | 76篇 |
1977年 | 74篇 |
1976年 | 69篇 |
1975年 | 66篇 |
1974年 | 70篇 |
1973年 | 51篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 109 毫秒
191.
Paul K. Moser 《Philosophical Studies》1990,59(1):101-106
Conclusion Given my dilemma, then, we should think twice before following Putnam away from metaphysical realism. Internal realism can offer only a false sense of philosophical security. And now we may doubt that it can offer even that. 相似文献
192.
Paul W. Holland 《Psychometrika》1990,55(4):577-601
Item response theory (IT) models are now in common use for the analysis of dichotomous item responses. This paper examines the sampling theory foundations for statistical inference in these models. The discussion includes: some history on the stochastic subject versus the random sampling interpretations of the probability in IRT models; the relationship between three versions of maximum likelihood estimation for IRT models; estimating versus estimating -predictors; IRT models and loglinear models; the identifiability of IRT models; and the role of robustness and Bayesian statistics from the sampling theory perspective.A presidential address can serve many different functions. This one is a report of investigations I started at least ten years ago to understand what IRT was all about. It is a decidedly one-sided view, but I hope it stimulates controversy and further research. I have profited from discussions of this material with many people including: Brian Junker, Charles Lewis, Nicholas Longford, Robert Mislevy, Ivo Molenaar, Donald Rock, Donald Rubin, Lynne Steinberg, Martha Stocking, William Stout, Dorothy Thayer, David Thissen, Wim van der Linden, Howard Wainer, and Marilyn Wingersky. Of course, none of them is responsible for any errors or misstatements in this paper. The research was supported in part by the Cognitive Science Program, Office of Naval Research under Contract No. Nooo14-87-K-0730 and by the Program Statistics Research Project of Educational Testing Service. 相似文献
193.
194.
Rodger Beehler 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》1990,10(4):315-335
The essay examines the argument advanced by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., for instituting ‘cultural literacy’ as a fundamental priority of schools. A number of confusions and equivocations in Hirsch's reasoning are identified, and the propensity of his project to indoctrinate is exposed. Among the features of Hirsch's argument shown to be troubling are his shifting construal of ‘language’, his inconsistency about the requirements of cultural literacy, and his uncritical relation to traditional images of the American past and present. The upshot is to raise the question why Hirsch's project has elicited wide support and praise. 相似文献
195.
Paul Thagard 《Synthese》1990,82(2):255-274
This paper argues that questions concerning the nature of concepts that are central in cognitive psychology are also important to epistemology and that there is more to conceptual change than mere belief revision. Understanding of epistemic change requires appreciation of the complex ways in which concepts are structured and organized and of how this organization can affect belief revision. Following a brief summary of the psychological functions of concepts and a discussion of some recent accounts of what concepts are, I propose a view of concepts as complex computational structures. This account suggests that conceptual change can come in varying degrees, with the most extreme consisting of fundamental conceptual reorganizations. These degrees of conceptual change are illustrated by the development of the concept of an acid.I am grateful to Michael Ranney and Gilbert Harman for comments on an earlier version of this paper. 相似文献
196.
An on-line assessment of causal reasoning during comprehension 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Charles P. Bloom Charles R. Fletcher Paul Van Den Broek Laura Reitz Brian P. Shapiro 《Memory & cognition》1990,18(1):65-71
Fletcher and Bloom (1988) have argued that as readers read narratives, clause by clause, they repeatedly focus their attention on the last preceding clause that contains antecedents but no consequences in the text. This strategy allows them to discover a causal path linking the text's opening to its final outcome while minimizing the number of times long-term memory must be searched for missing antecedents or consequences. In order to test this hypothesis, we examined the reading times of 25 subjects for each clause of eight simple narrative texts. The results show that: (1) causal links between clauses that co-occur in short-term memory (as predicted by the strategy) increase the time required to read the second clause; (2) potential causal links between clauses that never co-occur in short-term memory (again as predicted by the strategy) have no effect on reading time; and (3) reinstatement searches are initiated at the end of sentences that are causally unrelated to the contents of short-term memory or that contain clauses that satisfy goals no longer in short-term memory. These results support the claim that subjects engage in a form of causal reasoning when they read simple narrative texts. 相似文献
197.
198.
Paul Chodoff 《Political psychology》1997,18(1):147-157
The Nazi Holocaust has had continuing and widely reverberating consequences not only for the Jewish survivors but for the world at large. These consequences are detailed, first through a personal account of an Auschwitz survivor, and then through a discussion of the adaptive measures of concentration camp inmates and the long-term psychiatric and psychological effects on survivors and their families. The Survivor or Concentration Camp Syndrome and its relationship to the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is described. Indirect effects of the Holocaust have been manifested in various ways, particularly through various levels of psychologic denial displayed by Holocaust criminals and (at least during the early postwar period) by the German public. The Holocaust has had profound effects on the ways the Jewish people regard themselves and are seen by others. Finally, the Holocaust can be seen as offering a kind of paradigmatic signature to the worldview of the end of the 20th century, emphasizing the persistence of evil and the limitations of the idea of progress. 相似文献
199.
We argue that negotiators' fixed-sum perceptions are caused by the same judgment process that creates false consensus. Bargainers' reliance on their own preferences as a cue to others' preferences leads them to anticipate a fixed-sum conflict. When presented with stereotypic cues, subjects in a negotiating experiment anticipated the variable-sum nature of the task and subsequently realized highly efficient settlements extremely quickly. Surprisingly, even when the party's preferences were unrepresentative of the stereotype, agreements were no less efficient than in the absence of the cue. The implications of these findings for bargaining research and practice are discussed. 相似文献
200.
Emmanuel Onifade Paul D. Harrison Thomas P. Cafferty 《Journal of applied social psychology》1997,27(5):439-452
This study examined the escalation problem within an attribution theory framework. Students read a case scenario containing causal attribution information that described a poorly performing project under their supervision. They made estimates of its future success, as well as a decision whether to continue it. Perceived stability of causality had the primary effect on expectancy of success. A project whose performance downturn was attributed to a stable cause had a lower expectancy. Locus of causality had a smaller but still significant effect. Project downturns attributed to internal causes had a lower expectancy. Expectancy of success was significantly correlated with project continuation decisions. Discrepancies between these results and those reported by Staw and Ross (1978) are accounted for in terms of Weiner's (1985, 1986) attributional analysis. 相似文献