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901.
Brandon Warmke 《Philosophia》2011,39(1):179-200
Moral responsibility invariantism is the view that there is a single set of conditions for being morally responsible for an
action (or omission or consequence of an act or omission) that applies in all cases. I defend this view against some recent
arguments by Joshua Knobe and John Doris. 相似文献
902.
Recently, the ‘right to die’ became a major social issue. Few agree suicide is a right tout court. Even those who believe suicide (‘regular’, passive, or physician-assisted) is sometimes morally permissible usually require
that a suicide be ‘rational suicide’: instrumentally rational, autonomous, due to stable goals, not due to mental illness,
etc. We argue that there are some perfectly ‘rational suicides’ that are, nevertheless, bad mistakes. The concentration on
the rationality of the suicide instead of on whether it is a mistake may lead to permitting suicides that should be forbidden. 相似文献
903.
Kevin Reuter 《Philosophia》2011,39(1):31-38
The literature suggests that in sensory imagination we focus on the imagined objects, not on the imaginative states themselves,
and that therefore imagination is not introspective. It is claimed that the introspection of imaginative states is an additional
cognitive ability. However, there seem to be counterexamples to this claim. In many cases in which we sensorily imagine a
certain object in front of us, we are aware that this object is not really where we imagine it to be. So it looks as if in
these cases of imagination, we are aware of the mere appearance of the imagined object, and hence introspection is a constitutive
part of imagination. In this article, I address this contradictory state of affairs and argue that we should classify at least
some forms of sensory imagination as introspective. For this purpose I use the appearance-reality distinction as a central
notion for introspection. I also defend the thesis of introspective imagination against the objection that young children
imagine without yet understanding the concept of experience. 相似文献
904.
An immunizing strategy is an argument brought forward in support of a belief system, though independent from that belief system, which makes it more or less invulnerable to rational argumentation and/or empirical evidence. By contrast,
an epistemic defense mechanism is defined as a structural feature of a belief system which has the same effect of deflecting arguments and evidence. We discuss the remarkable recurrence of certain patterns of immunizing strategies and defense mechanisms in pseudoscience and other belief systems. Five different
types will be distinguished and analyzed, with examples drawn from widely different domains. The difference between immunizing
strategies and defense mechanisms is analyzed, and their epistemological status is discussed. Our classification sheds new
light on the various ways in which belief systems may achieve invulnerability against empirical evidence and rational criticism, and we propose our analysis as part of an explanation of these belief
systems’ enduring appeal and tenacity. 相似文献
905.
906.
Michael J. Raven 《Philosophia》2011,39(4):751-757
Aristotelian relativism about the future (as recently defended by MacFarlane (2003)) claims that a prediction made on Monday, such as ‘It will rain’, can be indeterminate on Monday but determinate on Tuesday.
A serious objection to this intuitively appealing view is that it cannot coherently be attested: for if it is attested on
Monday, then our blindness to what the future holds precludes attesting that the prediction is determinate on Tuesday, and
if it is attested on Tuesday (when, suppose, it rains), then the fact that it rains precludes attesting that the prediction
is indeterminate on Monday. In this paper, I focus on Moruzzi and Wright (2009)’s recent development of this objection and argue that it fails. This result removes a major obstacle to defending the Aristotelian
view. 相似文献
907.
Kevin Meeker 《Philosophia》2011,39(2):369-373
W. V. O. Quine’s assault on the analytic/synthetic distinction is one of the most celebrated events in the history of twentieth
century philosophy. This paper shines a light on Quine’s own understanding of the history of this distinction. More specifically,
this paper argues, contrary to what seems to be the received view, that Quine explicitly recognized a kindred subversive spirit
in David Hume. 相似文献
908.
The ability of compassion felt toward one person to reduce punishment directed at another was examined. The use of a staged interaction in which one individual cheats to earn higher compensation than others resulted in heightened third-party punishment being directed at the cheater. However, among participants who were induced to feel compassion toward a separate individual, punishment of the cheater disappeared even though the cheater clearly intended to cheat and showed no remorse for doing so. Moreover, additional analyses revealed that the reduction in punishment was directly mediated by the amount of compassion participants experienced toward the separate individual. 相似文献
909.
Salvin HE McGreevy PD Sachdev PS Valenzuela MJ 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2011,95(1):109-118
Aged dogs exhibit a spectrum of cognitive abilities including a syndrome similar to Alzheimer's disease. A major impediment to research so far has been the lack of a quick and accurate test of visuospatial memory appropriate for community-based animals. We therefore report on the development and validation of the Canine Sand Maze. A 4.5-m-diameter circular pool was filled with a sand and powdered food reward mix to a depth of 10 cm. Dogs were given 4 habituation and 16 learning trials which alternated a food reward being half (control trials) or fully-buried (acquisition trials) in a fixed location. After a 90-min break, a probe trial was conducted. Cognitively normal, aged (> 8 years, n = 11) and young (1-4 years, n = 11), breed-matched dogs were compared. After correction for differences in control trials, average probe times were 2.97 and 10.81 s for young and aged dogs, respectively. In the probe trial, both groups spent significantly more time in the target quadrant but there was a trend for young dogs to cross a 1 m(2) annulus zone around the buried reward more frequently (2.6 times) than aged dogs (1.5 times). Test-retest reliability in a subset of young dogs (n = 5) was high. On the basis of these findings, the Canine Sand Maze is presented as a quick, sensitive and nonaversive tool for assessing spatial learning and reference memory in dogs. 相似文献
910.