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911.
Gardenier JS 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(3):425-434
This paper informally summarizes a two-day symposium held at the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., September
5–6, 2002. The issue was to what extent the progress of science and societal capacity for continued technological innovation
are threatened by excessive protection of intellectual property. Excessive protection creates disadvantages not only for scientists
and inventors but also for educators/students and for librarians/clientele. Speakers from a variety of disciplines and institutions
agreed unanimously that scientific and technological progress is, indeed, under serious threat. Various opinions were expressed
about the degree of threat, currently and prospectively, as well as what counter-measures are best suited to resist undue
restrictions on creative uses of scientific and technical data and information. This summary is based entirely on the author’s
notes from the symposium, and the commentary offered is his alone. My apologies to the speakers if this paper does not accurately
reflect the primary intent of their presentations. The “Suggested Readings” offered at the end are not specific to the speakers’
statements but rather are offered as a general resource to aid further research. The definitive record of the symposium is
planned to be available from the National Academies Press as a Proceedings publication in the summer of 2003.
John Gardenier is an independent researcher, ethicist and science writer. 相似文献
912.
Sherrington J 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(3):419-423
This paper was presented at a seminar that outlined the work of the Surrey Ethics Forum. The Forum provides an opportunity for reflection by staff of the Federal University of Surrey and its Associated Institutions on ethical questions, the place of ethics in the curriculum and the role of ethics in the life of future graduates. The purpose of this paper is to argue that openness to the relationship between ethics and faith is itself an ethical task because both ethics and faith claim to protect human dignity and give meaning to the concept of "human flourishing". Analysis of the relationship between ethics, faith, flourishing and narrative can lead to clearer understanding of differences in ethical debates. 相似文献
913.
McGinn RE 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(4):517-542
A survey on ethical issues in engineering was administered over a five-year period to Stanford engineering students and practicing
engineers. Analysis of its results strongly suggests that important disconnects exist between the education of engineering
students regarding ethical issues in engineering on the one hand, and the realities of contemporary engineering practice on
the other. Two noteworthy consequences of these gaps are that the views of engineering students differ substantially over
what makes an issue an ethical issue, while practicing engineers exhibit significant disagreement over what is the most important
non-technical aspect of being a responsible engineering professional in contemporary society. These divergences impede the
recognition of ethical issues and of specific moral responsibilities of engineers in concrete professional practice. It is
argued that the use of suitably refined and probing surveys of engineering students and practicing engineers about ethical
issues in engineering is an important although neglected empirical approach to the study of engineering ethics. Such an approach
can enhance the prevailing case study method and combat over-tidy theoretical-analytical approaches to the subject.
When a train arrives at a station in the London Underground, a public announcement cautions passengers to “mind the gap”,
i.e. heed the space between the station platform and the carriage while entering or exiting.
An early draft of this paper was presented at the International Conference on Ethics in Engineering and Computer Science,
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, March 21–23, 1999. 相似文献
914.
915.
The experiments investigated how two adult captive chimpanzees learned to navigate in an automated interception task. They
had to capture a visual target that moved predictably on a touch monitor. The aim of the study was to determine the learning
stages that led to an efficient strategy of intercepting the target. The chimpanzees had prior training in moving a finger
on a touch monitor and were exposed to the interception task without any explicit training. With a finger the subject could
move a small "ball" at any speed on the screen toward a visual target that moved at a fixed speed either back and forth in
a linear path or around the edge of the screen in a rectangular pattern. Initial ball and target locations varied from trial
to trial. The subjects received a small fruit reinforcement when they hit the target with the ball. The speed of target movement
was increased across training stages up to 38 cm/s. Learning progressed from merely chasing the target to intercepting the
target by moving the ball to a point on the screen that coincided with arrival of the target at that point. Performance improvement
consisted of reduction in redundancy of the movement path and reduction in the time to target interception. Analysis of the
finger's movement path showed that the subjects anticipated the target's movement even before it began to move. Thus, the
subjects learned to use the target's initial resting location at trial onset as a predictive signal for where the target would
later be when it began moving. During probe trials, where the target unpredictably remained stationary throughout the trial,
the subjects first moved the ball in anticipation of expected target movement and then corrected the movement to steer the
ball to the resting target. Anticipatory ball movement in probe trials with novel ball and target locations (tested for one
subject) showed generalized interception beyond the trained ball and target locations. The experiments illustrate in a laboratory
setting the development of a highly complex and adaptive motor performance that resembles navigational skills seen in natural
settings where predators intercept the path of moving prey.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material. 相似文献
916.
Few studies have examined whether non-human tool-users understand the properties that are relevant for a tool's function.
We tested cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on an expectancy violation procedure designed to assess whether these species make distinctions between the functionally
relevant and irrelevant features of a tool. Subjects watched an experimenter use a tool to push a grape down a ramp, and then
were presented with different displays in which the features of the original tool (shape, color, orientation) were selectively
varied. Results indicated that both species looked longer when a newly shaped stick acted on the grape than when a newly colored
stick performed the same action, suggesting that both species perceive shape as a more salient transformation than color.
In contrast, tamarins, but not rhesus, attended to changes in the tool's orientation. We propose that some non-human primates
begin with a predisposition to attend to a tool's shape and, with sufficient experience, develop a more sophisticated understanding
of the features that are functionally relevant to tools. 相似文献
917.
In a previous study, Kuroshima and colleagues demonstrated that capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) learned to discriminate between a "knower" who inspected a box for food, and a "guesser" who did not. The aim of the present study was to specify whether the subjects learned a simple conditional discrimination or a causal relationship that seeing leads to knowing. In experiment 1, we introduced five types of novel containers to two subjects. Each container was of different shape and color. The subjects gradually learned to reach toward the container the knower suggested. In experiment 2, we diversified the behavior of the knower and the guesser. In experiment 3, in order to eliminate the possibility of discrimination based on differences in the magnitude and the complexity of two trainers, we equated their behaviors. One subject adapted to the novel behaviors of the knower and the guesser, successfully discriminating the two trainers. Thus this monkey clearly learned to use the inspecting action of the knower and the non-inspecting action of the guesser as a discriminative cue to recognize the baited container. This result suggests that one capuchin monkey learned to recognize the relationship between seeing and knowing. 相似文献
918.
Recent research with cotton-top tamarin monkeys has revealed language discrimination abilities similar to those found in human
infants, demonstrating that these perceptual abilities are not unique to humans but are also present in non-human primates.
Specifically, tamarins could discriminate forward but not backward sentences of Dutch from Japanese, using both natural and
synthesized utterances. The present study was designed as a conceptual replication of the work on tamarins. Results show that
rats trained in a discrimination learning task readily discriminate forward, but not backward sentences of Dutch from Japanese;
the results are particularly robust for synthetic utterances, a pattern that shows greater parallels with newborns than with
tamarins. Our results extend the claims made in the research with tamarins that the capacity to discriminate languages from
different rhythmic classes depends on general perceptual abilities that evolved at least as far back as the rodents.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
919.
We investigated dorsal visual stream involvement in the retrieval of a variety of visual attributes of common objects, using
functional magnetic resonance imaging. Seven subjects made binary decisions about the shape, color, and size of named objects
during scanning. Bilateral parietal activity was significantly greater during retrieval of shape and size information than
during retrieval of color information. Consistent with a domain-specific distributed model of semantic organization, the finding
that dorsal stream activity is associated with size and shape retrieval, as compared with color retrieval, may indicate that
both size and shape information are learned partly through dorsally mediated processes, such as visually guided grasping.
These results demonstrate that both visual-processing streams (i.e., the ventral “what” pathway and the dorsal “where” pathway)
are involved in the storage and/or retrieval of knowledge of object appearance but that, just as in vision, these two pathways
may play different roles in conceptual processing. 相似文献
920.
There is evidence that the positive and the negative word lists of the Affective Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AAVL) are useful with regard to mood induction. To date, however, changes in brain activation, as indicated by quantitative electroencephalographic recording, have not been examined. Thus, changes in low alpha power (7.5-9.5 Hz) were examined during and after completion of the positive or the negative learning list of the AAVL among 37 undergraduate men and women. Three primary findings from the study include the following: (1) Previously reported recall patterns were replicated; (2) participants who completed the negative list reported a significant decline in mood state at the end of the session; and (3) participants who completed the negative word list evidenced a significant reduction in low alpha power (in comparison with baseline) within the parietal regions. The findings noted above are seemingly counter to contemporary theories of mood regulation (i.e., asymmetrical changes in anterior activity, rather than changes in parietal regions). Although the AAVL may have limited utility as a tool for mood induction, it may serve as a functional tool for examination of the cerebral processes associated with affective verbal memory. 相似文献