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11.
Humans imitate each other during social interaction. This imitative behavior streamlines social interaction and aids in learning to replicate actions. However, the effect of imitation on action comprehension is unclear. This study investigated whether vocal imitation of an unfamiliar accent improved spoken-language comprehension. Following a pretraining accent comprehension test, participants were assigned to one of six groups. The baseline group received no training, but participants in the other five groups listened to accented sentences, listened to and repeated accented sentences in their own accent, listened to and transcribed accented sentences, listened to and imitated accented sentences, or listened to and imitated accented sentences without being able to hear their own vocalizations. Posttraining measures showed that accent comprehension was most improved for participants who imitated the speaker's accent. These results show that imitation may aid in streamlining interaction by improving spoken-language comprehension under adverse listening conditions. 相似文献
12.
Patti Tamara Lenard 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2010,13(3):315-332
Increasingly, western democratic countries are bearing witness to immigrant protest, that is, protest by immigrants who are
dissatisfied with their status in the host community. In protesting, the immigrants object to the ways in which various laws
and practices have proved to be obstacles to their full integration. Because immigrants, upon entering, have consented to
abide by the rules and regulations of the host state, it might be thought that these forms of civil disobedience are, effectively,
contract violations. Immigrants might therefore be thought to have a particularly stringent duty to abide by the laws of their
host state. This paper evaluates whether immigrants are indeed under a special duty to abide by the laws of their host state.
First, it suggests that it is useful — although incomplete — to apply the device of the ‘contract’ to understanding the relationship
between new immigrants and the host community. Second, it argues that there are limits to what can be demanded of and by immigrants
as well as of and by host communities. It then turns to offering principles that help to evaluate the motivations of immigrant
protestors, as well as that help guide their actions, when they believe that the community they have joined is treating them
unjustly. These principles suggest that immigrant protest actions are subject to the restriction that they do not undermine
the possibility of an inclusive democratic community. 相似文献
13.
This study was designed to investigate whether adolescents’ exposure to a sexualized media environment is associated with
stronger beliefs that women are sex objects. More specifically, we studied whether the association between notions of women
as sex objects and exposure to sexual content of varied explicitness (i.e., sexually non-explicit, semi-explicit, or explicit)
and in different formats (i.e., visual and audio-visual) can be better described as cumulative or as hierarchical. Further,
we investigated whether this association was contingent on gender. Based on data from an on-line survey of 745 Dutch adolescents
aged 13 to 18, we found that the relationship between exposure to a sexualized media environment and notions of women as sex
objects followed a hierarchical pattern: Starting with adolescents’ exposure to sexually semi-explicit content, the statistical
significance of the relationship with notions of women as sex objects moved from semi-explicit to explicit sexual content
and from visual to audio-visual formats. Exposure to sexually explicit material in on-line movies was the only exposure measure
significantly related to beliefs that women are sex objects in the final regression model, in which exposure to other forms
of sexual content was controlled. The relationship between exposure to a sexualized media environment and notions of women
as sex objects did not differ for girls and boys. 相似文献
14.
Marjolijn L Antheunis Patti M Valkenburg Jochen Peter 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2007,10(6):831-835
The aims of this study were (a) to investigate the influence of computer-mediated communication (CMC) on interpersonal attraction and (b) to examine two underlying processes in the CMC-interpersonal attraction relationship. We identified two variables that may mediate the influence of CMC on interpersonal attraction: self-disclosure and direct questioning. Focusing on these potential mediating variables, we tested two explanatory hypotheses: the CMC-induced direct questioning hypothesis and the CMC-induced self-disclosure hypothesis. Eighty-one cross-sex dyads were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: text-only CMC, visual CMC, and face-to-face communication. We did not find a direct effect of CMC on interpersonal attraction. However, we did find two positive indirect effects of text-only CMC on interpersonal attraction: text-only CMC stimulated both self-disclosure and direct questioning, both of which in turn enhanced interpersonal attraction. Results are discussed in light of uncertainty reduction theory and CMC theories. 相似文献
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Keith-Spiegel P 《Professional psychology, research and practice》1994,25(4):362-368
The new American Psychological Association (APA) ethics code (APA, 1992) creates dilemmas of both image and substance for teaching psychologists. Items specific to teaching psychologists reflect housekeeping matters of lesser importance and situations over which teaching psychologists have little control. Teachers of psychology are sometimes inappropriately grouped with other types of psychologists. Freedom of inquiry and communication are curtailed in ambiguous ways, and the standards expected of teachers in the academy are set a mediocre level. Although the new code contains some improvements over the previous code (APA, 1990)--especially in the areas of multiple relationships, prohibitions against sex with students, respect for differences among students, and authorship rights retained by students--numerous recommendations for future revision are strongly recommended. 相似文献
18.
Jessica Taylor Piotrowski Jordan A. Litman Patti Valkenburg 《Infant and child development》2014,23(5):542-553
Epistemic curiosity (EC) is the desire to obtain new knowledge capable of either producing positive experiences of intellectual interest (I‐type) or of reducing undesirable conditions of informational deprivation (D‐type). Although researchers acknowledge that there are individual differences in young children's epistemic curiosity, there are no existing measures to assess the I‐ and D‐type constructs of EC in early childhood. The aim of this study was to develop and validate parent‐report scales that reliably assessed early expressions of I‐ and D‐ type EC in young children. To develop the I/D‐Young Children (I/D‐YC) scales, 16 potential items were administered to 316 parents of children aged 3 to 8. These items were adaptations of an existing adult self‐report measure of EC as well as newly developed items. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that a 10‐item 2‐factor (5 I‐type, 5 D‐type) model had the best fit. Construct validity analyses and psychometric data indicated that our newly developed I/D‐YC scales are valid and reliable measures of individual differences in early expressions of I‐ and D‐type EC. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
Marta Bassi Monica Falautano Sabina Cilia Benedetta Goretti Monica Grobberio Marianna Pattini Erika Pietrolongo Rosa Gemma Viterbo Maria Pia Amato Miriam Benin Alessandra Lugaresi Eleonora Minacapelli Enrico Montanari Francesco Patti Maria Trojano Antonella Delle Fave 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2016,23(1):33-52
This study jointly examined illness beliefs held by persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and caregivers in relation to well-being. A group of 68 PwMS and their caregivers completed the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire, Psychological Well-being Scales, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule. Findings revealed that PwMS’ well-being was primarily predicted by their own illness beliefs, and that also caregivers’ well-being was primarily predicted by their own beliefs. Across the two groups, well-being was positively associated with their belief that they understood the disease, and inversely associated with their representations of negative emotions. In addition, among PwMS, well-being was inversely associated with the number of symptoms they specifically attributed to their illness, while among caregivers, well-being was positively associated with beliefs that treatment could control the disease. Based on the study findings, psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioral strategies are suggested to promote well-being among PwMS and caregivers. 相似文献
20.
We investigated comprehension of and adaptation to speech in an unfamiliar accent in older adults. Participants performed a speeded sentence verification task for accented sentences: one group upon auditory-only presentation, and the other group upon audiovisual presentation. Our questions were whether audiovisual presentation would facilitate adaptation to the novel accent, and which cognitive and linguistic measures would predict adaptation. Participants were therefore tested on a range of background tests: hearing acuity, auditory verbal short-term memory, working memory, attention-switching control, selective attention, and vocabulary knowledge. Both auditory-only and audiovisual groups showed improved accuracy and decreasing response times over the course of the experiment, effectively showing accent adaptation. Even though the total amount of improvement was similar for the auditory-only and audiovisual groups, initial rate of adaptation was faster in the audiovisual group. Hearing sensitivity and short-term and working memory measures were associated with efficient processing of the novel accent. Analysis of the relationship between accent comprehension and the background tests revealed furthermore that selective attention and vocabulary size predicted the amount of adaptation over the course of the experiment. These results suggest that vocabulary knowledge and attentional abilities facilitate the attention-shifting strategies proposed to be required for perceptual learning. 相似文献