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851.
Smokers and nonsmokers were compared on three aspects of academic achievement. Although exactly the same percentage of smokers
and nonsmokers passed the first-year university examination, smokers obtained significantly higher marks. Similarly, smokers
achieved significantly higher marks in their final year examinations in comparison with nonsmokers. Finally, a comparison
of the tutorial essay marks of the smokers and nonsmokers again showed that smokers obtained significantly higher marks than
nonsmokers. These data are consistent with the idea that ambitious students adopt smoking in the belief that it will help
them study and sustain concentration. 相似文献
852.
853.
854.
K. J. Gilhooly 《Current Psychology》1984,3(2):24-31
Previous reports of age-of-acquisition effects have been theoretically ambiguous since, in any particular individual, word
age-of-acquisition is perfectly correlated with the length of time that a word has been known. The study reported in this
article attempted to disentangle effects of word age-of-acquisition and length of word residence time in lexical memory. To
this end, words varying in recency-of-introduction to British English were presented in a word-naming task to 46 native speakers
whose ages ranged from 20 to 58 years. Using subjects’ ratings of the words on age-of-acquisition, it was possible to assess
word residence times and to compare the effects on naming speeds of age-of-acquisition and residence times. Regression analyses
indicated that age-of-acquisition was a more important factor than residence time in the word-naming task. 相似文献
855.
Fraley LE 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》1984,7(1):17-28
The traditional concept of belief is analyzed and compared with a behavior analytic concept of belief. Beliefs and belief statements are differentiated and relationships between them are examined. The often troublesome inconsistencies in people's beliefs are examined in general and explained, including the phenomena of compartmentalization and repression. Social implications are pursued relative to both punishment for inconsistency in belief and counter-controls thwarting such punishment. The role of teachers in shaping beliefs is analyzed, and appropriate teaching strategies are reviewed. 相似文献
856.
857.
Suicide and rurality in urban society 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Recent findings suggest that suicide increases with rurality, but research on rural suicide leaves many questions unanswered. This study specifies problems of community organization as a reason for expecting a positive effect of rurality on the suicide rate. A multiple regression analysis of county data shows that rurality has a substantial positive effect and is, in fact, the best predictor of the suicide rate among several variables selected from the previous literature. Additional research is needed to test the interpretation that rurality contributes to an incomplete, fragmented form of community organization which influences the suicide rate by disrupting primary relationships. 相似文献
858.
859.
Edward J Callen Wallace R McAllister Dorothy E McAllister 《Learning and motivation》1984,15(3):302-320
In two experiments, fear was conditioned to the situational cues in one compartment of a hurdle-jumping apparatus and was then extinguished. Subsequently, either one shock (Experiment 1) or three or nine shocks (Experiment 2) were given in a situation distinctively different from that in which conditioning and extinction had taken place. Although some associative strength between the situational cues and fear was shown to have remained after extinction, in neither experiment did the postextinction-shock treatment increase the fear elicited by these cues: Escape-from-fear performance was no better in the shocked groups than in control groups given no additional shock. Thus, the nonassociative hypothesis which postulates that inflating the value of the representation of the UCS with shock-alone presentations can reinstate the extinguished fear of a stimulus was not supported. Rather, the results showed that, after extinction, an increase in fear of a simulus depended on further conditioning to that stimulus. The data also indicated that the nonvisual components of the situational cues predominated over the visual component. 相似文献
860.