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Habituation of the orienting response is a pivotal part of selective attention, and previous research has related working
memory capacity (WMC) to attention control. Against this background, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether
individual differences in WMC contribute to habituation rate. The participants categorized visual targets across six blocks
of trials. Each target was preceded either by a standard sound or, on rare trials, by a deviant. The magnitude of the deviation
effect (i.e., prolonged response time when the deviant was presented) was relatively large in the beginning but attenuated
toward the end. There was no relationship between WMC and the deviation effect at the beginning, but there was at the end,
and greater WMC was associated with greater habituation. These results indicate that high memory ability increases habituation
rate, and they support theories proposing a role for cognitive control in habituation and in some forms of auditory distraction. 相似文献
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This paper reports five experiments demonstrating that the low spatial frequency components of faces are critical to the production of rapid attentional responses towards fearful facial expressions. In our main experiments, low spatial frequency (LSF) or high spatial frequency (HSF) face pairs, consisting of one fearful and one neutral expression, were presented on a computer screen for a brief period. Participants were required to identify as quickly as possible the orientation of a bar target that immediately replaced one of the faces. Responses were faster when targets replaced the location of LSF fearful faces, compared with LSF neutral faces. By contrast, there were no differences between responses to targets replacing HSF fearful versus HSF neutral faces. This facilitation in spatial orienting occurred specifically with short time intervals between faces and target, and is consistent with a rapid processing of fear cues from LSF inputs that can serve to guide attention towards threat events. 相似文献
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Patrik Sörqvist 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):651-658
Serial short-term memory is impaired by background sound, at least when a sound element suddenly deviates from an otherwise
repetitive sequence (the deviation effect) and when each sound element in the sequence differs from the preceding one (the
changing-state effect). Two competing theories have been proposed to explain these effects: One suggests that both effects
are caused by the same mechanism (i.e., attentional resources being depleted by the sound), and the other suggests that the
deviation effect is caused by attentional capture and that the changingstate effect is caused by interference between order
processes. The present investigation found that working memory capacity predicts susceptibility to the deviation effect, but
not to the changing-state effect, both when speech items (Experiment 1) and when tones (Experiment 2) produce the disruption.
These results suggest that the two effects are caused by different mechanisms and support the duplex-mechanism account of
auditory distraction. 相似文献
25.
Linking Genes and Political Orientations: Testing the Cognitive Ability as Mediator Hypothesis
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Sven Oskarsson David Cesarini Christopher T. Dawes James H. Fowler Magnus Johannesson Patrik K. E. Magnusson Jan Teorell 《Political psychology》2015,36(6):649-665
Recent research has demonstrated that genetic differences explain a sizeable fraction of the variance in political orientations, but little is known about the pathways through which genes might affect political preferences. In this article, we use a uniquely assembled dataset of almost 1,000 Swedish male twin pairs containing detailed information on cognitive ability and political attitudes in order to further examine the genetic and environmental causes of political orientations. Our study makes three distinct contributions to our understanding of the etiology of political orientations: (1) we report heritability estimates across different dimensions of political ideology; (2) we show that cognitive ability and political orientations are related; and (3) we provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that cognitive ability mediates part of the genetic influence on political orientations. These findings provide important clues about the nature of the complex pathways from molecular genetic variation to political orientations. 相似文献
26.
Patrik Vuilleumier Nathalie George Veronika Lister Jorge Armony Jon Driver 《Visual cognition》2013,21(1):85-101
Perceived gaze contact in seen faces may convey important social signals. We examined whether gaze perception affects face processing during two tasks: Online gender judgement, and later incidental recognition memory. Individual faces were presented with eyes directed either straight towards the viewer or away, while these faces were seen in either frontal or three-quarters view. Participants were slower to make gender judgements for faces with direct versus averted eye gaze, but this effect was particularly pronounced for faces with opposite gender to the observer, and seen in three-quarters view. During subsequent surprise recognition-memory testing, recognition was better for faces previously seen with direct than averted gaze, again especially for the opposite gender to the observer. The effect of direct gaze was stronger in both tasks when the head was seen in three-quarters rather than in frontal view, consistent with the greater salience of perceived eye contact for deviated faces. However, in the memory test, face recognition was also relatively enhanced for faces of opposite gender in front views when their gaze was averted rather than direct. Together, these results indicate that perceived eye contact can interact with facial processing during gender judgements and recognition memory, even when gaze direction is task-irrelevant, and particularly for faces of opposite gender to the observer (an influence which controls for stimulus factors when considering observers of both genders). These findings appear consistent with recent neuroimaging evidence that social facial cues can modulate visual processing in cortical regions involved in face processing and memory, presumably via interconnections with brain systems specialized for gaze perception and social monitoring. 相似文献
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Criminal activities account for a major proportion of the social costs related to illicit drug use. This article examines the factors contributing to property crime activity among a community sample of 653 untreated regular illicit opiate users in 5 Canadian cities (OPICAN study). Multivariate analyses showed the frequency of heroin, cocaine, and crack use, gender, housing status, and past criminal justice involvement as predictors of property crime. Furthermore, crack use had a significantly different impact on property crime depending on housing status and city. These findings underline the need for targeted intervention efforts toward a reduced crime burden. 相似文献
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Katarina Alanko Pekka Santtila Benny Salo Patrik Jern Ada Johansson N. Kenneth Sandnabba 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2011,29(2):214-233
An association between childhood gender atypical behaviour (GAB) and a negative parent–child relationship has been demonstrated in several studies, yet the causal relationship of this association is not fully understood. In the present study, different models of causation between childhood GAB and parent–child relationships were tested. Direction of causation modelling was applied to twin data from a population‐based sample (n= 2,565) of Finnish 33‐ to 43‐year‐old twins. Participants completed retrospective self‐report questionnaires. Five different models of causation were then fitted to the data: GAB → parent–child relationship, parent–child relationship → GAB, reciprocal causation, a bivariate genetic model, and a model assuming no correlation. It was found that a model in which GAB and quality of mother–child, and father–child relationship reciprocally affect each other best fitted the data. The findings are discussed in light of how we should understand, including causality, the association between GAB and parent–child relationship. 相似文献
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Nicole Harlaar Pekka Santtila Johanna Bj?rklund Katarina Alanko Patrick Jern Markus Varjonen Bettina von der Pahlen Kenneth Sandnabba 《Journal of family psychology》2008,22(4):605-613
Individual differences in parenting behaviors are due, in part, to genetic factors. In the present study, the authors sought to determine whether the degree of genetic influence varied according to the type of parental behavior under consideration. A population-based sample of 2,334 pairs of Finnish twins provided ratings on the physical affection, control, abusiveness, and indifference shown by their father and mother during childhood. Genetic influences, shared environmental influences, and nonshared environmental influences accounted for a small-to-medium proportion (17%-30%), a small-to-large proportion (22%-44%), and a medium-to-large proportion (37%-55%) of the variance in each parenting measure, respectively. There were no significant differences in effect sizes for mothers and fathers or across the 4 types of parental behavior. The genetic results may reflect characteristic styles with which parents respond to genetically influenced behaviors of individuals (gene-environment correlations) or individual perceptions of this relationship (gene-person correlation processes). The findings have implications for intervention and prevention work with families and for interpretation of evidence for interactions between genes and parenting behaviors. 相似文献
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Alexia Bourgeois Rémi Neveu Dimitri J. Bayle Patrik Vuilleumier 《Cognition & emotion》2017,31(1):109-118
In order to behave adaptively, attention can be directed in space either voluntarily (i.e. endogenously) according to strategic goals, or involuntarily (i.e. exogenously) through reflexive capture by salient or novel events. The emotional or motivational values of stimuli can also influence attentional orienting. However, little is known about how reward-related effects compete or interact with endogenous and exogenous attention mechanisms. Here we designed a visual search paradigm in which goal-driven and stimulus-driven shifts of attention were manipulated by classic spatial cueing procedures, while an irrelevant, but previously rewarded stimulus also appeared as a distractor and hence competed with both types of spatial attention during search. Our results demonstrated that stimuli previously associated with a high monetary reward received higher attentional priority in the subsequent visual search task, even though these stimuli and reward were no longer task-relevant, mitigating the attentional orienting induced by both endogenous and exogenous cues. 相似文献