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921.
922.
The participants were asked to spell aloud words for which there were either many orthographically similar words (a dense
neighborhood) or few orthographically similar words (a sparse neighborhood). Words with a dense neighborhood were spelled
faster and more accurately than were words with a sparse neighborhood. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis of Rapp,
Epstein, and Tainturier (2002), that the cognitive spelling system has an interactive architecture incorporating feedback
between individual graphemes and orthographic lexeme representations. 相似文献
923.
Patrick Le Bihan David Esfandi Claude Pagès Sylvie Thébault Jean-Benoît Naudet 《Médecine & Droit》2009,2009(98-99):138-145
Psychiatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) propose a secure setting for patients with acute behavior disturbances who can not be managed in psychiatric general wards. Physical violence acts against patients or hospital staff, substance abuse, non-compliance for care and treatment, intensity of symptoms or absconding are frequent motives for admission. Patients are compulsorily detained in secure conditions. They are admitted from psychiatric facilities of a health area or by agreement between hospitals. Multidisciplinary working in psychiatric intensive care is essential, delivered by qualified staff. Care and treatment must be centered on the patient, multidisciplinary, intensive, comprehensive with an immediacy of response to critical situations. As length of stay should not exceed 2 months in duration, interface and liaison with original services of patients are important issues. In France, PICU exist notably at Cadillac, Lyon, Paris, Nice, Eygurande, Montpellier, Pau and Prémontré. These facilities appear as a missing level, an interesting alternative in mental health care system, between psychiatric general wards and maximum security hospitals. This paper reports the creation of a National Association of PICU in France, the existence of national minimum standards and international experiences. 相似文献
924.
Scientific Self-Regulation—So Good, How Can it Fail? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Patrick L. Taylor 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(3):395-406
To be a functional alternative to government regulation, self-regulation of science must be credible to both scientists and
the public, accountable, ethical, and effective. According to some, serious problems continue in research ethics in the United
States despite a rich history of proposed self-regulatory standards and oversight devices. Successful efforts at self-regulation
in stem cell research contrast with unsuccessful efforts in research ethics, particularly conflicts of interest. Part of the
cause for a lack of success in self-regulation is fragmented, disconnected oversight, and failure to embody genuine scientific
and public consensus. To be accountable, credible and effective, self-regulation must be inclusive and multidisciplinary,
publicly engaged, sufficiently disinterested, operationally integrated with institutional goals, and must implement a genuine
consensus among scientists and the public. The mechanisms of self-regulation must be sufficiently broad in their oversight,
and interconnected with other institutional forces and actors, that they do not create fragmented solutions.
相似文献
Patrick L. TaylorEmail: |
925.
Matthew M. Botvinick Jun Wang Elizabeth Cowan Stephane Roy Christina Bastianen J. Patrick Mayo James C. Houk 《Animal cognition》2009,12(5):671-678
There has been considerable research into the ability of nonhuman primates to process sequential information, a topic that
is of interest in part because of the extensive involvement of sequence processing in human language use. Surprisingly, no
previous study has unambiguously tested the ability of nonhuman primates to encode and immediately reproduce a novel temporal
sequence of perceptual events, the ability tapped in the immediate serial recall (ISR) task extensively studied in humans.
We report here the performance of a rhesus macaque on a spatial ISR task, closely resembling tasks widely used in human memory
research. Detailed analysis of the monkey’s recall performance indicates a number of important parallels with human ISR, consistent
with the idea that a single mechanism for short-term serial order memory may be shared across species. 相似文献
926.
J. Farley Norman Jessica M. Swindle L. RaShae Jennings Elizabeth M. Mullins Amanda M. Beers 《Acta psychologica》2009,131(2):129-135
A single experiment evaluated human observers’ ability to discriminate the shape of solid objects that varied in size and orientation in depth. The object shapes were defined by binocular disparity, Lambertian shading, and texture. The object surfaces were smoothly curved and had naturalistic shapes, resembling those of water-smoothed granite rocks. On any given trial, two objects were presented that were either the same or different in terms of shape. When the “same” objects were presented, they differed in their orientation in depth by 25°, 45°, or 65°. The observers were required to judge whether any given pair of objects was the “same” or “different” in terms of shape. The size of the objects was also varied by amounts up to ±40% relative to the standard size. The observers’ shape discrimination performance was strongly affected by the magnitude of the orientation changes in depth - thus, their performance was viewpoint dependent. In contrast, the observers’ shape discrimination abilities were only slightly affected by changes in the overall size of the objects. It appears that human observers can recognize the three-dimensional shape of objects in a manner that is relatively independent of size. 相似文献
927.
Patrick J. Sweeney Vaida Thompson Hart Blanton 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(1):235-264
Two studies tested an interdependence model of trust development and the links between trust and influence in the in extremis environment of combat, and a non-combat replication. Structural equation modeling was used to test the model. Results from both studies suggested that a modified interdependence model provided a plausible explanation for how leaders may earn subordinate trust, through fostering the establishment of cooperative interdependence and being perceived as credible. Credibility was demonstrated through both competence and good character, and organizational structures that were in place contributed to trust by encouraging leaders to behave cooperatively toward group members. Most importantly, the level of trust subordinates had in their leaders determined the amount of leader influence subordinates accepted. 相似文献
928.
929.
930.
Patrick Hutchings 《Sophia》2009,48(4):413
‘Good’ is nothing specific but is transcendentally or generally applied over specific, and specified, ‘categories’. These ‘categories’ may be seen—at least for the purposes of this note—as under Platonic Forms. The rule that instances under a category or form need a Form to be under is valid. It may be tautological: but this is OK for rules. Not being specific, however, ‘good’ neither needs nor can have a specifying Form. So, on these grounds, the Form of the Good is otious. Any rule of the kind, ‘Everything needs a Form, so good needs a Form of the Good’ is mistaken, in that good is not a kind, but a transcendental. To give a Form to the transcendental ‘good’ is a mistake: it is a Rylian category mistake. And the Form of the Good either does no work, or works unprofitably in any but an aesthetic sense. 相似文献