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991.
J C Bartlett M A Gernsbacher R E Till 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1987,13(1):27-35
In a study of recognition memory for pictures, we observed an asymmetry in classifying test items as "same" versus "different" in left-right orientation: Identical copies of previously viewed items were classified more accurately than left-right reversals of those items. Response bias could not explain this asymmetry, and, moreover, correct "same" and "different" classifications were independently manipulable: Whereas repetition of input pictures (one vs. two presentations) affected primarily correct "same" classifications, retention interval (3 hr vs. 1 week) affected primarily correct "different" classifications. In addition, repetition but not retention interval affected judgments that previously seen pictures (both identical and reversed) were "old". These and additional findings supported a dual-process hypothesis that links "same" classifications to high familiarity, and "different" classifications to conscious sampling of images of previously viewed pictures. 相似文献
992.
Anne M. Zieleniewski D. W. Fulker J. C. DeFries Michele C. LaBuda 《Personality and individual differences》1987,8(6)
DeFries and Fulker (1985) employed a multiple regression analysis of twin data in which a cotwin's score is predicted from the proband's score, the coefficient of relationship (R = 1.0 for monozygotic twins and 0.5 for dizygotic twins), and their interaction to yield direct estimates of heritability (h2) and the proportion of variance due to common or shared environmental influences (c2). The purpose of the report is to extend this model to allow for the analysis of data from more than two familial relationships simultaneously. Data from identical twins, fraternal twins, and siblings pairs, in which one member of each pair was selected based on low reading performance, were analyzed. To analyze the data simultaneously, additional coefficients were added to the regression equation in order to differentiate shared environmental influences of twins and siblings. When the model was applied to the combined cognitive data, significant estimates for heritability were obtained in three of the six tests analyzed. The results also indicated a lack of justification for the separate twin and sibling environmental parameters, and a discussion of more parsimonious models is included. 相似文献
993.
994.
The proposal that peripheral visual changes (cues) tend to summon attention automatically was tested by studying the effect
of peripheral cueing on simple detection latency. Delay between cue onset and target onset, the contingent relationship between
cue location and target location, and instructions to subjects were manipulated. Results showed that a peripheral display
change could capture attention even when the target was far more likely to appear at an uncued location. When subjects were
explicitly informed that targets were likely to appear away from the cued location they were able to suppress this effect,
but were unable completely to reverse it by rapidly orienting attention towards the uncued side. Hence the process appears
to be automatic in the sense that it occurs unless there are explicit instructions to the contrary. With explicit instructions
the processing operation can be suppressed, but not completely reversed.
This work was supported by the U.K. Admiralty Research Establishment (Research Agreement No. 53482). 相似文献
995.
Clinical staff’s attributions about diabetes management were measured using newly developed scales. Eighty-five physicians
and nurses provided data to investigate the psychometric properties of the scales and to examine the patterns of attributions
made. Alpha coefficients for the 7 six-item scales were satisfactory, ranging from .51 to .73. A comparison between attributions
for positive and negative outcomes of diabetes management produced examples of self-serving bias. Comparisons were made with
data from 286 insulin-dependent diabetes patients. Staff tended to rate patients as having less personal control over positive
outcomes (t=2.94;df=338;p<.01) and tended to emphasize chance to a greater extent than did the patients (t=−4.32;df=338;p<.001). There was a tendency for staff to rate negative outcomes as being more foreseeable by the patients than the patients
did themselves (t=−3.11;df=346;p<.01). Both patients and staff demonstrated bias towards dispositional attributions. The implications of between and within
group differences in attribution patterns are discussed.
The research presented here was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, U.S.A. (No. AM28196) and
from the British Diabetic Association to Dr. C. Bradley. 相似文献
996.
This study set out to investigate the relationship between the Type A behavior pattern, the need for approval, and the need
to prove oneself. One hundred and two subjects completed four questionnaires: two measuring A-type behavior, one social desirability,
and one—especially devised for this study—the belief in the need to prove oneself consistently. Results showed that Type A’s
have significantly lower needs for approval than Type B’s, yet appear to show considerably greater interest in comparing their
achievements with others. It seems that Type A’s do not have any special need to prove their worth to others, but that they
must constantly prove themselves to themselves. Limitations of this preliminary study are discussed. 相似文献
997.
Stephen M. Williams 《Current Psychology》1987,6(2):148-154
Previous experimental investigation of the effects of repeating an unfamiliar stimulus suggests that mere exposure breeds
attraction (e.g., Zajonc, 1968). On the other hand, correlational work with naturally occurring stimuli such as names, music,
or landscapes suggests that there is also an overexposure effect: the preference function does rise with familiarity at first
but then reaches a turning point and diminishes. The study (N=72) demonstrates this inverted-U relationship in an experimental setting. The stimuli were synthetic nonsense speech, permitting
exact control of exposure durations and interstimulus intervals. The critical factors for demonstrating the effect are probably
(1) the inclusion of a large number of repetitions, and (2) blocked repetition of each stimulus in a homogeneous sequence
not interspersed with other more or less frequent stimuli. 相似文献
998.
Kenneth A. Wallston Barbara Strudler Wallston Shelton Smith Carolyn J. Dobbins 《Current Psychology》1987,6(1):5-25
Perceived control (PC) is defined as thebelief that one can determine one’s own internal states and behavior, influence one’s environment, and/or bring about desired outcomes.
Two important dimensions of PC are delineated: (1) whether the object of control is located in the past or the future and
(2) whether the object of control is over outcome, behavior, or process. A variety of constructs and measures of PC (e.g.,
efficacy, attribution, and locus of control) are discussed in relation to these dimensions and selected studies are reviewed.
The issues, controversies, and limits of the research on perceived control and health are addressed in terms of the antecedents
and consequences of perceived control. Investigations should clearly conceptualize the object of perceived control, use measures
that match the conceptualization, and when attempting to manipulate control, directly measure perceived control. The relation
between PC and health outcomes is complex, and different aspects of PC may interact to affect health outcomes. 相似文献
999.
Sixteen student volunteers were administered a placebo and 50 mg. of chlorpromazine in tablet form, on separate occasions,
two hours before testing. The three tests measured dichotic listening performance, lateral eye movements while answering questions
about spatial location and verbal meaning, and lateralized facial expression while relating pleasant and unpleasant life incidents.
Results showed that chlorpromazine increased the number of trials showing an ear advantage in dichotic listening. Chlorpromazine
reduced lateral and increased vertical eye movements in response to the questions about spatial location and verbal meaning.
Under the placebo both negative and positive emotions were expressed more in the left face. Although chlorpromazine did not
affect this lateralization of negative emotions, the expression of positive emotions occurred equally often on the two sides
of the face under chlorpromazine. Results may be related to an effect of chlorpromazine on the asymmetrical dopamine pathways
of the brain. It is suggested that the findings may be related to a left hemisphere deficit in schizophrenia. 相似文献
1000.