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911.
Scientific Self-Regulation—So Good, How Can it Fail? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Patrick L. Taylor 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(3):395-406
To be a functional alternative to government regulation, self-regulation of science must be credible to both scientists and
the public, accountable, ethical, and effective. According to some, serious problems continue in research ethics in the United
States despite a rich history of proposed self-regulatory standards and oversight devices. Successful efforts at self-regulation
in stem cell research contrast with unsuccessful efforts in research ethics, particularly conflicts of interest. Part of the
cause for a lack of success in self-regulation is fragmented, disconnected oversight, and failure to embody genuine scientific
and public consensus. To be accountable, credible and effective, self-regulation must be inclusive and multidisciplinary,
publicly engaged, sufficiently disinterested, operationally integrated with institutional goals, and must implement a genuine
consensus among scientists and the public. The mechanisms of self-regulation must be sufficiently broad in their oversight,
and interconnected with other institutional forces and actors, that they do not create fragmented solutions.
相似文献
Patrick L. TaylorEmail: |
912.
Matthew M. Botvinick Jun Wang Elizabeth Cowan Stephane Roy Christina Bastianen J. Patrick Mayo James C. Houk 《Animal cognition》2009,12(5):671-678
There has been considerable research into the ability of nonhuman primates to process sequential information, a topic that
is of interest in part because of the extensive involvement of sequence processing in human language use. Surprisingly, no
previous study has unambiguously tested the ability of nonhuman primates to encode and immediately reproduce a novel temporal
sequence of perceptual events, the ability tapped in the immediate serial recall (ISR) task extensively studied in humans.
We report here the performance of a rhesus macaque on a spatial ISR task, closely resembling tasks widely used in human memory
research. Detailed analysis of the monkey’s recall performance indicates a number of important parallels with human ISR, consistent
with the idea that a single mechanism for short-term serial order memory may be shared across species. 相似文献
913.
Patrick J. Sweeney Vaida Thompson Hart Blanton 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(1):235-264
Two studies tested an interdependence model of trust development and the links between trust and influence in the in extremis environment of combat, and a non-combat replication. Structural equation modeling was used to test the model. Results from both studies suggested that a modified interdependence model provided a plausible explanation for how leaders may earn subordinate trust, through fostering the establishment of cooperative interdependence and being perceived as credible. Credibility was demonstrated through both competence and good character, and organizational structures that were in place contributed to trust by encouraging leaders to behave cooperatively toward group members. Most importantly, the level of trust subordinates had in their leaders determined the amount of leader influence subordinates accepted. 相似文献
914.
915.
916.
Patrick Hutchings 《Sophia》2009,48(4):413
‘Good’ is nothing specific but is transcendentally or generally applied over specific, and specified, ‘categories’. These ‘categories’ may be seen—at least for the purposes of this note—as under Platonic Forms. The rule that instances under a category or form need a Form to be under is valid. It may be tautological: but this is OK for rules. Not being specific, however, ‘good’ neither needs nor can have a specifying Form. So, on these grounds, the Form of the Good is otious. Any rule of the kind, ‘Everything needs a Form, so good needs a Form of the Good’ is mistaken, in that good is not a kind, but a transcendental. To give a Form to the transcendental ‘good’ is a mistake: it is a Rylian category mistake. And the Form of the Good either does no work, or works unprofitably in any but an aesthetic sense. 相似文献
917.
Antonello da Messina’s Annunciation with the Blessèd Virgin sola breaks with iconic convention, so inviting new interpretations of the theme. The Rome exhibition of 2006 allowed one to compare
Antonello with van Eyck: Antonello seemed pre-modern. This review discusses three important essays on the Annunciation (see the last three keywords). All three perceptive essays raise theological and phenomenological issues directly related
to the almost unique iconic representation which Antonello gives us. 相似文献
918.
Patrick Greenough 《Synthese》2009,171(3):399-408
A number of serious problems are raised against Crispin Wright’s quandary conception of vagueness. Two alternative conceptions of the quandary view are proposed instead. The first conception retains Wright’s thesis that, for all one knows, a verdict concerning a borderline case constitutes knowledge. However a further problem is seen to beset this conception. The second conception, in response to this further problem, does not enjoin the thesis that, for all one knows, a verdict concerning a borderline case constitutes knowledge. The result is a much simpler and more plausible version of the quandary view. 相似文献
919.
Research considering the effect of Presidential speech making style shows individuals are likely to attend to and be emotionally
affected by the facial expressions of leaders, especially those that are inappropriate for the context. In this study we tested
how rapid and subtle expressions of facial affect (i.e., expressions of less than one-second, often termed micro-expressions)
in speeches by a political leader impacts participants’ emotional state. We do this by removing seven brief expressions (less
than one-second) from a nearly twelve minute televised speech by President George H. W. Bush concerning the 1990 commitment
of US military in response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. FACS coding identified all these expressions as containing a component
of smiling (lip corner puller: AU12), in some cases with the addition of other facial movements (sometimes associated with
anger and/or disgust). Experiments carried out on 206 university undergraduates showed emotional state was altered as a result
of these micro-expressions when the control (unaltered speech) and experimental group (micro-expressions removed from speech)
were compared. Specifically, participants who viewed the micro-expressions felt less threatened and less angry. Thus, facial
expression (even very brief micro-expressions) can have a significant impact on the receiver of a political speech.
相似文献
Patrick A. StewartEmail: |
920.
Two hundred eight parent–college student dyads (total N = 416) participated in the current study, which examined the link between goal agreement and perceived conflict within their relationships. Undergraduate participants (91 male, 117 female) completed a demographic form, a 65 items goal measure, and a measure of parental conflict. Parents (98 fathers, 110 mothers) were asked to rate the importance of the same 65 goals for their emerging adult children. College students tended to place more importance on independence, affect control, health, social relationships, and financial concern goals than their parents did, whereas parents placed more importance on moral and religious goals than their emerging adult children did. However, relative goal agreement between parents and college students was found to be moderately high. Those parent–college student dyads who experienced less conflict tended to have higher goal agreement, whereas those dyads with a higher level of conflict had lower goal agreement. These findings provide further evidence for the link between interpersonal relationships and the personality construct of goals. 相似文献