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111.
We conducted four experiments to investigate whether adults can exert attentional strategic control over nonlexical and lexical processing in written spelling to dictation. In Experiment 1, regular and irregular words were produced either in a nonword context (regular and irregular nonwords) or in a word context (high-frequency regular and irregular words), whereas in Experiment 2, the same set of words was produced either in a regular nonword or in an irregular low-frequency word context. Experiment 3 was a replication of Experiment 2 but with increased manipulation of the context. In Experiment 4, participants had to produce either under time pressure or in response to standard written spelling instructions. Regularity effects were found in all the experiments, but their size was not reliably affected by manipulations intended to increase or decrease reliance on nonlexical processing. More particularly, the results from Experiment 4 show that adults can speed up the initialization of their writing responses to a substantial degree without altering regularity effects on either latencies or spelling errors. Our findings suggest that, although adults are able to generate an internal deadline criterion of when to initialize the writing responses, nonlexical processing is a mandatory process that is not subject to attentional strategic control in written spelling to dictation. 相似文献
112.
This article examined the applicability of the interpersonal circumplex (IC) to the observable social behaviors of children during parent-child interactions. In Study 1, the observational ratings of behaviors of 117 children (mean age = 9.88 years) were examined. Randomization tests of hypothesized order relations found that these behaviors tended to occur in the circular pattern predicted by the IC. To illustrate the applicability of the IC to children's behavior, Study 2 (n = 94) used the circular structure of children's behavior to longitudinally examine children's participation in two risk behaviors, smoking cigarettes and consuming alcohol. Results indicated that children who behaved in an arrogant-calculating manner were at risk for smoking cigarettes and children who behaved in an assured-dominate manner were at risk for drinking alcohol 1 year later. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of their relevance for helping researchers better understand and categorize children's interpersonal behaviors. 相似文献
113.
We recorded participants' eye movements while they read sentences containing verb-phrase coordination. Results showed evidence of immediate processing disruption when a reflexive pronoun embedded in the conjoined verb phrase mismatched the sentence subject. We argue that this result is incompatible with models of human parsing that employ only bottom-up parsing procedures, even when flexible constituency is employed. Models need to incorporate a mechanism similar to the adjoining operation in Tree-Adjoining Grammar, in which one structure is inserted into another. 相似文献
114.
Taylor PL 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(4):589-616
Key ethical issues arise in association with the conduct of stem cell research by research institutions in the United States.
These ethical issues, summarized in detail, receive no adequate translation into federal laws or regulations, also described
in this article. U.S. Federal policy takes a passive approach to these ethical issues, translating them simply into limitations
on taxpayer funding, and foregoes scientific and ethical leadership while protecting intellectual property interests through
a laissez faire approach to stem cell patents and licenses. Those patents and licenses, far from being scientifically and
ethically neutral in effect, virtually prohibit commercially sponsored research that could otherwise be a realistic alternative
to the federal funding gap. The lack of federal funding and related data-sharing principles, combined with the effect of U.S.
patent policy, the lack of key agency guidance, and the proliferation of divergent state laws arising from the lack of Federal
leadership, significantly impede ethical stem cell research in the United States, without coherently supporting any consensus
ethical vision. Research institutions must themselves implement steps, described in the article, to integrate addressing ethical
review with the many legal compliance issues U.S. federal and state laws create.
The opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own, and are not necessarily the opinions of others, including Children’s
Hospital Boston. Portions of earlier versions of this article were previously published by the American Bar Association and
the New York State Bar Association. 相似文献
115.
This study investigated the development of the frontal lobe action-monitoring system from late childhood and adolescence to early adulthood using ERP markers of error processing. Error negativity (ERN) and correct response negativity (CRN) potentials were recorded while adolescents and adults (aged 12-22 years, n = 23) performed two forced-choice visual reaction time tasks of differing complexity. Significant age differences were seen for behavioural and ERP responses to complex (infrequent, incompatible) trials: adolescents elicited an error negativity of reduced magnitude compared with adults. Furthermore, in contrast to adults, adolescents showed a non-significant differentiation between response-locked ERP components elicited by correct (CRN) and error responses (ERN). Behaviourally, adolescents corrected fewer errors in incompatible trials, and with increasing age there was greater post-error slowing. In conclusion, the neural systems underlying action-monitoring continue to mature throughout the second decade of life, and are associated with increased efficiency for fast error detection and correction during complex tasks. 相似文献
116.
Tracking multiple targets with multifocal attention 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Attention allows us to monitor objects or regions of visual space and select information from them for report or storage. Classical theories of attention assumed a single focus of selection but many everyday activities, such as video games, navigating busy intersections, or watching over children at a swimming pool, require attention to multiple regions of interest. Laboratory tracking tasks have indeed demonstrated the ability to track four or more targets simultaneously. Although the mechanisms by which attention maintains contact with several targets are not yet established, recent studies have identified several characteristics of the tracking process, including properties defining a 'trackable' target, the maximum number of targets that can be tracked, and the hemifield independence of the tracking process. This research also has implications for computer vision, where there is a growing demand for multiple-object tracking. 相似文献
117.
This article recalls a classic scheme for categorizing attitude measures. One particular group of measures, those that rely on respondents' interpretations of partially structured stimuli, has virtually disappeared from attitude research. An attitude measure based on respondents' interpretation of partially structured stimuli is considered. Four studies employing such a measure demonstrate that it predicts unique variance in self-reported and actual behavior, beyond that predicted by explicit and contemporary implicit measures and regardless of whether the attitude object under consideration is wrought with social desirability concerns. Implications for conceptualizing attitude measurement and attitude-behavior relations are discussed. 相似文献
118.
A number of lines of study suggest that word meanings are not always fully exploited in comprehension. In two experiments,
we used a text-change paradigm to study depth of semantic processing during reading. Participants were instructed to detect
words that changed across two consecutive presentations of short texts. The results suggest that the full details of word
meanings are not always incorporated into the interpretation and that the degree of semantic detail in the representation
is a function of linguistic focus. The results provide evidence for the idea that representations are only good enough for
the purpose at hand (Ferreira, Bailey, & Ferraro, 2002). 相似文献
119.
The integration of continuous and discrete latent variable models: potential problems and promising opportunities 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Structural equation mixture modeling (SEMM) integrates continuous and discrete latent variable models. Drawing on prior research on the relationships between continuous and discrete latent variable models, the authors identify 3 conditions that may lead to the estimation of spurious latent classes in SEMM: misspecification of the structural model, nonnormal continuous measures, and nonlinear relationships among observed and/or latent variables. When the objective of a SEMM analysis is the identification of latent classes, these conditions should be considered as alternative hypotheses and results should be interpreted cautiously. However, armed with greater knowledge about the estimation of SEMMs in practice, researchers can exploit the flexibility of the model to gain a fuller understanding of the phenomenon under study. 相似文献
120.
Topolski TD Edwards TC Patrick DL Varley P Way ME Buesching DP 《Journal of attention disorders》2004,7(3):163-173
Most psychosocial research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has focused on deficits in school, family, or behavioral functioning without incorporating perceived quality of life (QoL) or the adolescents' perspective. The Youth Quality of Life Instrument--Research Version (YQOL-R), was used to assess self-perceived QoL in a community sample of adolescents aged 11-18 years. Fifty-five adolescent males with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD were compared to a group of 107 adolescents with no chronic conditions (NCC) and a group of 52 adolescents with mobility impairments (MI). The adolescents with ADHD reported significantly lower perceived QoL scores, particularly in the Self and Relationship domains, than the NCC group. Their scores were similar to those from the group with MI, a group previously shown to have a substandard QoL. Interventions to improve self-esteem and social interactions might use QoL outcomes in evaluating effectiveness. 相似文献