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901.
The major purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between causal attributions and symptomatology in victims of crime. Fifty-one subjects who had not been crime victims and 120 subjects who had been crime victims participated in the study and were assessed for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Subjects also completed two attributional questionnaires. The potential differences in symptomatology among victims of a single crime, multiple crimes, and nonvictims were investigated. Results did not indicate differences in depression and PTSD based on single vs. multiple victimization, although differences between victims and nonvictims were found. Results using the Causal Dimension Scale (CDS; Peterson et al., 1982) indicated significant differences in the causal attributions of victims and nonvictims. On the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Russell, 1982), group comparisons among nonvictims, PTSD victims, depression victims, both depression and PTSD victims, and victims with low symptoms did not yield significant results. However, regression analyses indicated that several subscales of both the CDS and ASQ were found to be moderate predictors of symptomatology. Implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
902.
Karen E. Courchaine Patricia A. Loucka Edmund Thomas Dowd 《Counselling psychology quarterly》1995,8(2):123-137
These two studies investigated the main and interaction effects of client reactance and counsellor interpretation discrepancy and style on counsellor social influence and the working alliance. Undergraduate students who were divided into high and low reactant pups listened to low, moderate, or high discrepancy interpretations given by counsellors who used a tentative or absolute interpretation. Contrary to the hypotheses, results showed only one interaction effect for reactance, interpretation discrepancy, and interpretation style. Low reactant participants rated the working alliance higher with tentative interpretations while high reactant participants rated it higher with absolute. High reactant participants consistently tended to perceive the counsellor less positively than low reactant participants. There were unexpected gender differences, suggesting that females saw the counselling more positively in the low discrepancy condition while males did in the moderate. The results were not supportive of an interaction among reactance, discrepancy, and style, but are in line with macro-results in the counselling and psychotherapy literature indicating the primary importance of client variables. 相似文献
903.
904.
This study examined whether subjects would differentially perceive male and female faces as homosexual based upon facial masculinity/femininity, and the extent to which their attitudes toward homosexuals would influence their perceptions. Sixty-eight undergraduates indicated how likely they thought it was that 6 male and 6 female faces were homosexual; they also rated the individuals on attractiveness. The present sample also completed the Index of Homophobia, the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, a conservatism scale, and a demographic questionnaire. The subjects assigned higher homosexuality ratings to feminine male and masculine female faces compared to their masculine and feminine counterparts, respectively. In addition, unattractive female faces received higher attribution of homosexuality ratings compared to the attractive faces; such an effect was not observed for the male photographs. Sex of subject and attitudes toward homosexuality did not significantly affect evaluations.Portions of this paper were presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 1989. 相似文献
905.
Richard L. Port Patricia W. Parsons Kathleen S. Curtis Kevin S. Seybold 《Current Psychology》1990,9(4):323-332
The hippocampal formation is a highly delineated brain structure that is believed to play a prominent role in learning and
memory. The present experiment evaluated the contributions of medial and lateral perforant path input to bar press-conditioning
under (a) continuous and (b) differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) schedules, and (c) shuttlebox avoidance
conditioning. Bilateral deafferentation of either pathway had no effect on the acquisition of bar press responses or on performance
under the DRL schedule. Deafferentation of the medial pathway facilitated acquisition of avoidance responses in a manner much
like the effects seen in hippocampectomized animals. It is suggested that the medial perforant path participates in the expression
of correlated patterns of neuronal discharge known to develop within the hippocampus and that this “model” serves to modulate
the temporal characteristics of simple conditioned reflexes. Loss of the modulatory influence of the model may affect acquisition
and extinction rates. Contributions of other hippocampal circuits are discussed in relation to established deficits.
Preliminary results of this experiment were presented at the second annual convention of the American Psychological Society,
Dallas, Texas, June 1990. 相似文献
906.
Patricia A. Maffeo 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1990,8(4):435-445
This paper examines the administration of the Federal Employees Compensation Act by the Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP). It examines compensation claims originating at a large federal agency with a psychological component as either cause or consequence of a work-related injury. Patterns of case outcomes are noted to be similar to those in other jurisdictions, and are discussed in terms of dirticdty of proof and policy preferences. Possible anomalies in the administration of the statutes are noted. The paper describes difliculties for mental health professionals attempting to substantiate psychological injuries, and addresses ethical issues related to tension between the nature of science and the requirements of administrative systems. Knowledge regarding idormational requirements and evaluative criteria used by OWCP is necessary to effectively substantiate the work-relatedness of an injury. The paper provides guidelines concerning these requirements and criteria. 相似文献
907.
Arturo Roizblatt MD Patricia Garcia MD Ana Margarita Maida MD Gloria Moya MD 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1990,12(4):299-309
We present this eight-session structured workshop format aimed at school-aged children of divorce who are considered psychologically healthy by family and teachers, in which we review the situations most frequently encountered by these families.In the workshop we offer an understanding vision of divorce while providing the children with the experience of working with therapists who are able to deal with highly troublesome issues in a caring atmosphere.Acknowledgements are expressed to Bernardita Cruz, school counselor, and Ilana Meler and Patricia Tahl, child psychologists. 相似文献
908.
Recent arguments against the use of intrusive behavioral interventions in the treatment of handicapped people are examined. The anti-aversive position was found to be based on assumptions about the negative impact of aversive procedures, and to consider only a small subset of the variables that should be taken into account when treatment decisions are made. A preliminary application of formal decision-analysis techniques that have been developed in response to other controversial technologies had a number of benefits including: (a) sharpening the distinction between scientific and social criteria; (b) sensitizing decision-makers and scientists to the range of costs, risks, and benefits associated with treatment decisions; and (c) identifying critical areas of research. Decision-analysis techniques were found to be helpful in directing scientists and policy-makers towards more informed decision-making. 相似文献
909.
Richard L. Port Patricia W. Parsons Kathleen S. Curtis Kevin S. Seybold 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1990,9(4):323-332
The hippocampal formation is a highly delineated brain structure that is believed to play a prominent role in learning and
memory. The present experiment evaluated the contributions of medial and lateral perforant path input to bar press-conditioning
under (a) continuous and (b) differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) schedules, and (c) shuttlebox avoidance
conditioning. Bilateral deafferentation of either pathway had no effect on the acquisition of bar press responses or on performance
under the DRL schedule. Deafferentation of the medial pathway facilitated acquisition of avoidance responses in a manner much
like the effects seen in hippocampectomized animals. It is suggested that the medial perforant path participates in the expression
of correlated patterns of neuronal discharge known to develop within the hippocampus and that this “model” serves to modulate
the temporal characteristics of simple conditioned reflexes. Loss of the modulatory influence of the model may affect acquisition
and extinction rates. Contributions of other hippocampal circuits are discussed in relation to established deficits.
Preliminary results of this experiment were presented at the second annual convention of the American Psychological Society,
Dallas, Texas, June 1990. 相似文献
910.
In this paper the authors review the literature on biological and treatment studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and present current unifying hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology. The psychophysiological studies stress overarousal, while endocrine studies suggest a decreased Cortisol production in denial and low symptom states with increases in highly symptomatic states. Suggestive evidence is provided that PTSD is associated with permanent changes in brain mechanisms involving the locus coeruleus, amygdala, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Drug treatments are promising but not fully satisfactory as yet. Directions for further research are provided. 相似文献