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221.
Ann Streissguth 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(2):81-101
Before alcohol was generally known to cause birth defects, NIAAA in 1974 began funding a population-based Seattle study on
alcohol use and pregnancy outcome. Women receiving prenatal care by mid-pregnancy were recruited (N = 1,529) and interviewed at home. Approximately 500 offspring exposed to a range of alcohol levels were examined on 11 occasions
between day 1 and 25 years. Neuropsychological and neurobehavioral performance measures are correlated with prenatal alcohol
dose, without substantial confounding by socio-demographic or rearing conditions, smoking, nutrition, or other drugs. Deficits
in attention, arithmetic skill, spatial-visual memory, and IQ, as well as increased alcohol problems and psychiatric disorders
are among offspring outcomes correlated at several ages with maternal drinking during and before pregnancy recognition. Findings
are not confined to women who believed they had alcohol problems. Not all exposed offspring appear affected. 相似文献
222.
This study investigated factors associated with social anxiety during early adolescence using multiple informants, including
self and peer perspectives, teacher ratings, and direct observations. Negative social performance expectations, maladaptive
coping strategies, and social skill deficits were examined as correlates of social anxiety and mediators linking social anxiety
with poor peer relations. Participants were 84 middle school students (47 girls, 37 boys) over-sampled for elevated social
anxiety. Analyses revealed correlations linking social anxiety with decreased peer acceptance and increased peer victimization.
Path analysis indicated that negative social performance expectations and social withdrawal-disengagement accounted for the
association between social anxiety and decreased peer acceptance. Social anxiety, self-directed coping strategies, and social
withdrawal-disengagement were each directly linked with increased peer victimization for boys. The results replicate findings
based on clinical samples, extend understanding of cognitive, social, and behavioral factors associated with social anxiety
in middle school, and provide new information regarding gender differences in the correlates of social anxiety. 相似文献
223.
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226.
Patricia Hanna 《Philosophical Investigations》1990,13(4):350-356
227.
CROSS-MODAL REPETITION EFFECTS ON THE N4 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
228.
Patricia D. Rozée 《Psychology of women quarterly》1993,17(4):499-514
This article describes a conceptual framework with which to study rape cross-societally. The model considers the powerful effects of social norms in condoning certain types of rape. It also distinguishes clearly between rape and sex by making the absence of female choice the fundamental factor in defining rape. Using this conceptual model as a guide, rape is examined in a random sample of 35 world societies. Rape is not a forbidden behavior; this research demonstrates the masking effects of social norms that tend to institutionalize rape within various social customs or rituals. The concept of a rape-free culture was not supported; rape was found in all the sample societies once the definition of rape was broadened to include socially condoned rapes. The presence of both normative (condoned) and nonnormative (uncondoned) rapes in a majority of the societies studied illustrates that rape is regulated rather than prohibited. Implications for defining and studying rape in the United States are discussed. 相似文献
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230.
Patricia Easteal 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》1994,24(2):140-151
Little research that focuses upon homicide-suicides between adult sexual intimates has been conducted to date. Yet U.S., U.K., and Australian studies on homicide and homicide-suicide show that a disproportionate number of those that kill and subsequently take their own lives are the husbands or estranged sexual intimates of their victims. This paper provides some retrospective data on the historical, demographic, and situational traits of this type of homicide-suicide in Australia by looking at what, if anything, differentiates homicides between adult sexual intimates that include the suicide of the offender from those that do not. A lack of significant variation was apparent in histories of domestic violence, alcohol involvement, and unemployment between those who committed suicide and those who did not. However, if the offender was a male estranged from his partner, born outside of Australia, who used a gun as the weapon and killed more than one victim, or was older with an ailing wife, he was more apt to commit suicide. Using anecdotal case study material, causation or explanatory variables are also discussed. These appeared to cluster either around a theme of old age and ill-health or control and pathological-type of possessiveness. The author concludes that more research focusing on the differentiation between the two groups of offenders is necessary in order to better identify contributory variables and to develop risk elements and information for criminal justice practitioners and other service providers. 相似文献