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101.
Final exams at colleges and universities have proven to be a time of anxiety and stress for students. This paper contains an exploration the effects of Animal-Assisted Activities (AAA) on exam anxiety through the use of blood pressure readings before and after interacting with therapy dogs. A comparison of the experimental and control groups interacting with therapy dogs has shown statistical significance for the reduction of blood pressure for those students who will or have taken a final exam. Having owned a pet, as well, as the age of the participant were not significant predictors of whether or not therapy dogs would reduce blood pressure. 相似文献
102.
Barnard GW Nicholson RA Hankins GC Raisani KK Patel NR Gies D Robbins L 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1992,10(3):419-435
Male defendants (n = 99) who had been court ordered to a forensic treatment facility as incompetent to stand trial were tested using the Computer-Assisted Determination of Competency to Proceed (CADCOMP) instrument soon after admission (median days = 15). Shortly thereafter, competency was assessed by a forensic psychiatrist and by a majority decision of three mental health professionals who viewed a videotape of the forensic psychiatrist's interview. From the CADCOMP item pool, 18 scales were constructed on conceptual grounds. Internal consistency analyses revealed that most scales had reasonable item homogeneity and scale reliability. In addition, item and scale analyses, with few exceptions, followed predicted patterns of intercorrelation and association with competency as determined by both criteria. Scales and items measuring serious psychopathology, psycholegal ability, and criminal history demonstrated the strongest associations with competency. These findings suggest that additional research on CADCOMP is warranted. The instrument shows promise for use in forensic research and assessment. 相似文献
103.
We used the remember-know procedure (Tulving, 1985 ) to test the behavioural expression of memory following indirect and direct forms of emotional processing at encoding. Participants (N=32) viewed a series of facial expressions (happy, fearful, angry, and neutral) while performing tasks involving either indirect (gender discrimination) or direct (emotion discrimination) emotion processing. After a delay, participants completed a surprise recognition memory test. Our results revealed that indirect encoding of emotion produced enhanced memory for fearful faces whereas direct encoding of emotion produced enhanced memory for angry faces. In contrast, happy faces were better remembered than neutral faces after both indirect and direct encoding tasks. These findings suggest that fearful and angry faces benefit from a recollective advantage when they are encoded in a way that is consistent with the predictive nature of their threat. We propose that the broad memory advantage for happy faces may reflect a form of cognitive flexibility that is specific to positive emotions. 相似文献
104.
Patel MR Piazza CC Layer SA Coleman R Swartzwelder DM 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2005,38(1):89-100
This study examined packing (pocketing or holding accepted food in the mouth) in 3 children who were failing to thrive or had inadequate weight gain due to insufficient caloric intake. The results of an analysis of texture indicated that total grams consumed were higher when lower textured foods were presented than when higher textured foods were presented. The gram intake was related directly to levels of packing. That is, high levels of packing were associated with higher textured foods and low gram intake, and low levels of packing were associated with lower textured foods and high gram intake. All participants gained weight when texture of foods was decreased. Packing remained low during follow-up for 2 participants even when the texture of food was increased gradually over time. These data are discussed in relation to avoidance, response effort, and skill deficit. 相似文献
105.
Mueller MM Piazza CC Patel MR Kelley ME Pruett A 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2004,37(2):159-170
A treatment with differential or noncontingent reinforcement and nonremoval of the spoon increased the acceptance of one or two of 16 foods for 2 participants with severe food refusal. These differential levels of acceptance were demonstrated empirically in an ABAB design in which A was the presentation of the accepted (preferred) foods and B was the presentation of foods the participants refused (nonpreferred foods). Subsequently, we implemented a blending treatment that consisted of mixing (blending) nonpreferred foods into preferred foods in various ratios (e.g., 10% nonpreferred/90% preferred, 20% nonpreferred/80% preferred). We then presented nonpreferred foods that had been exposed to blending to determine if consumption of nonpreferred foods would increase following the blending treatment. We also conducted periodic reversals in which we presented nonpreferred foods that had not been exposed to the blending treatment. Following initial implementation of the blending treatment, consumption was high for nonpreferred foods that had been blended and low for nonpreferred foods that had not been blended. Consumption increased for all foods (i.e., foods that had been exposed to blending and foods that had not been exposed to blending) after seven or eight foods had been exposed to the blending treatment. Thus, the variety of foods consumed by the participants increased from one or two to 16. These results are discussed in terms of stimulus fading, conditioned food preferences, and escape extinction. DESCRIPTORS: conditioned food preferences, food refusal, negative reinforcement, stimulus fading 相似文献
106.
Semantic processing errors are symptoms of an up-regulation (schizophrenia) or degradation (Parkinsonism) of dopaminergic pathways. A recent connectionist model attributed errors in the schizophrenic processing of context to increased gain in competitive neural processes. This study extends this "gain hypothesis" by comparing the sensitivity to reduced gain of a simulation of semantic route activation to characteristic semantic judgment errors made by Parkinson's patients in an open search task. Under normal gain conditions, the dominant sense of polysemous words "wins" through competition and lateral inhibition at the word sense level (beta(inh)). For words with very different sense frequencies, decreasing gain by increasing beta(inh) resulted in the dominant word sense winning; however, for words with similar sense frequencies, increasing beta(inh) resulted in the dominant word sense winning only for low to moderate values. At high levels, no clear winner emerged after 200 epochs, with the least dominant sense reaching the maximum activation value. These results are discussed in the context of the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which may provide a theoretical basis for understanding normal and impaired semantic performance in catecholaminergic disorders. 相似文献
107.
Musicologists and linguists have often suggested that the prosody of a culture's spoken language can influence the structure of its instrumental music. However, empirical data supporting this idea have been lacking. This has been partly due to the difficulty of developing and applying comparable quantitative measures to melody and rhythm in speech and music. This study uses a recently-developed measure for the study of speech rhythm to compare rhythmic patterns in English and French language and classical music. We find that English and French musical themes are significantly different in this measure of rhythm, which also differentiates the rhythm of spoken English and French. Thus, there is an empirical basis for the claim that spoken prosody leaves an imprint on the music of a culture. 相似文献
108.
How experts' adaptations to representative task demands account for the expertise effect in memory recall: comment on Vicente and Wang (1998) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. A. Ericsson and W. Kintsch's (1995) theoretical framework of long-term working memory (LTWM) accounts for how experts acquire encoding and retrieval mechanisms to adapt to real-time demands of working memory during representative interactions with their natural environments. The transfer of the same LTWM mechanisms is shown to account for the expertise effect in unrepresentative "contrived" memory tests. Therefore, K. J. Vicente and J. H. Wang's (1998) critique of the generalizability of the LTWM framework is rejected. Their proposed refutation of LTWM accounts is found to be based on misrepresented facts. The process-based framework of LTWM is shown to be superior to their product theory because it can explain interactions of the expertise effect in "contrived" recall under several testing conditions differing in presentation rate, instructions, and memory procedures. 相似文献
109.
110.
Sonja K. Schoenwald Ph.D. David M. Ward Ph.D. Scott W. Henggeler Ph.D. Susan G. Pickrel M.P.H. M.D. Heeren Patel M.H.A. 《Journal of child and family studies》1996,5(4):431-444
The development of more effective and less costly family- and community-based services to serve as alternatives to out-of-home placements of children is an important priority in the reform of mental health services for children and adolescents. Within the context of a randomized trial with 118 substance abusing or dependent juvenile offenders, we examined the incremental costs of multisystemic therapy (MST) and related these costs to observed reductions in days of incarceration, hospitalization, and residential treatment at approximately 1 year postreferral. Results showed that the incremental costs of MST were nearly offset by the savings incurred as a result of reductions in days of out-of-home placement during the year. The need to validate effective treatments for youth with serious clinical problems and to link the costs of treatment 相似文献