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171.
Piper ME Federmen EB McCarthy DE Bolt DM Smith SS Fiore MC Baker TB 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2008,117(1):94-105
Various theories have proposed mechanisms for drug motivation and relapse. For instance, negative reinforcement theories focus on the alleviation of withdrawal. However, other theories and some data cast doubt on the importance of withdrawal as a motivator of addictive drug use. Using data from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled smoking cessation treatment study (N=608), this research examined the impact of withdrawal on drug motivation and the ability to maintain abstinence. Withdrawal was experimentally manipulated by randomly assigning participants to receive active bupropion versus placebo. Mediation analyses revealed that active bupropion reduced the amount of withdrawal and craving that individuals reported in the 1st week post quit; modest support was also found for smaller declines in positive affect. These effects, in turn, were all positively associated with posttreatment abstinence. These results implicate withdrawal as an important factor in motivating persistent tobacco use. 相似文献
172.
Heidi L. Lindh Patricia McCarthy Veach Korinne Cikanek Bonnie S. LeRoy 《Journal of genetic counseling》2003,12(1):23-41
Three hundred and thirty-five full members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors completed a survey concerning the nature of clinical supervision for genetic counseling students. Slightly over half (54.3%, n = 182) had provided clinical supervision within the past 5 years. Of those who supervised, 66.7% had 5 years or less supervision experience, and 55% had supervised 10 or fewer students. The majority became supervisors because they enjoy teaching and contributing to the profession. Common reasons for not supervising include no local graduate program, and had never been asked to supervise. Live supervision is the most prevalent student evaluation method: every supervisor reported providing one-on-one oral feedback, and 47.3% indicated that they always provide feedback immediately following a counseling session. The most frequent challenges involve students who lack technical knowledge and who fail to incorporate feedback. Training, policy, and research implications are discussed. 相似文献
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In a typical probability learning task participants are presented with a repeated choice between two response alternatives, one of which has a higher payoff probability than the other. Rational choice theory requires that participants should eventually allocate all their responses to the high‐payoff alternative, but previous research has found that people fail to maximize their payoffs. Instead, it is commonly observed that people match their response probabilities to the payoff probabilities. We report three experiments on this choice anomaly using a simple probability learning task in which participants were provided with (i) large financial incentives, (ii) meaningful and regular feedback, and (iii) extensive training. In each experiment large proportions of participants adopted the optimal response strategy and all three of the factors mentioned above contributed to this. The results are supportive of rational choice theory. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
176.
Christina G. Selkirk Patricia McCarthy Veach Fengqin Lian Lisa Schimmenti Bonnie S. LeRoy 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(5):507-519
Knowledge about the etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) is increasing, but causes remain elusive for most cases.
Genetic counselors are positioned to help families that have children with ASDs despite uncertainty regarding etiology. To
determine how genetic counselors might best provide services, an anonymous survey was conducted with 255 parents whose children
were diagnosed on the autism spectrum. Questions concerned: 1) their perceptions of ASD cause(s) and 2) recurrence risk, 3)
whether perceived risk affected family planning decisions, 4) whether parents had received genetic services, and 5) how genetic
counselors might assist families. The most prevalent perceived cause was genetic influences (72.6%). Most parents’ recurrence risk perceptions were inaccurately high and significantly affected family planning. Only
10% had seen a genetic professional related to an ASD. Parents provided several suggestions for genetic counselor best practices. Findings indicate the importance of genetic counselor awareness of parent perceptions in order to best help families who
have children with ASDs. 相似文献
177.
Sarah Alliman Patricia McCarthy Veach Dianne M. Bartels Fengqin Lian Carolyn James Bonnie S. LeRoy 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(4):379-394
Ethical issues are an inevitable part of genetic counseling practice. Prior research identified 16 domains of ethical and
professional challenges encountered by practitioners in the United States. In order to further validate these domains, the
present study surveyed Australian genetic counselors. Sixty-three respondents rated the frequency with which they encountered
each domain, and 39 individuals also provided personal anecdotes detailing their most challenging ethical and professional
dilemmas. Every domain reportedly was experienced by the Australian sample. However, there were some differences between Australian
respondents and U.S. genetic counselors in frequencies of domain occurrence, and in strategies recommended for resolving them.
Several anecdotes illustrate challenging situations due to Australia’s geography, universal healthcare system, and the genetic
counseling profession’s evolution in that country. The results generally validate domains identified for U.S. genetic counselors.
They further suggest that certain ethical issues may manifest in ways unique to a given country, and therefore they must be
addressed in a culturally-appropriate manner. 相似文献
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179.
Hyun Kyung Lee Patricia McCarthy Veach Bonnie S. LeRoy 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(3):287-299
As racial and ethnic diversity increase in the U.S., genetic counselor multicultural competence is growing in importance.
In mental health counseling, supervisor multicultural competence has been shown to promote supervisees’ multicultural competence.
Moreover, developmentally-advanced supervisors tend to be more effective. This study was designed to investigate relationships
among genetic counselor supervisors’ perceived multicultural counseling competence and development as supervisors, and their
ability to evaluate a supervisee’s multicultural skills. One hundred twenty-two supervisors completed an online survey of
demographics, the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale, the Supervisor Development Scale, and a hypothetical vignette in which they evaluated a supervisee’s multicultural skills and provided written feedback. Stepwise
multiple regression yielded five significant predictors accounting for 31% of the variance in accuracy of supervisor evaluations
of the student: multicultural awareness, multicultural knowledge, age, supervision experience, and supervisor development.
Six feedback themes were identified from written responses. Practice and research suggestions are provided. 相似文献
180.
In this paper, we review Icarus, a cognitive architecture that utilizes hierarchical skills and concepts for reactive execution in physical environments. In addition, we present two extensions to the framework. The first involves the incorporation of means-ends analysis, which lets the system compose known skills to solve novel problems. The second involves the storage of new skills that are based on successful means-ends traces. We report experimental studies of these mechanisms on three distinct domains. Our results suggest that the two methods interact to acquire useful skill hierarchies that generalize well and that reduce the effort required to handle new tasks. We conclude with a discussion of related work on learning and prospects for additional research, including extending the framework to cover developmental phenomena. 相似文献