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51.
Pat Bennett 《Zygon》2019,54(1):129-148
This third of three articles outlining a different approach to science/religion dialogue generally and to engagement between theology and the neurosciences specifically, gives a brief account of the model in practice. It begins by introducing the question to be investigated—whether the experience of relational connection can affect health outcomes by directly moderating immune function. Then, employing the same threefold heuristic of encounter, exchange, and expression used previously, it discusses how the transversal model set out in these articles has been used to investigate this question and to develop a theoretical physiological model for the proposed link between relationality and health. 相似文献
52.
53.
Cheryl A. Logan 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2005,40(4):169-181
The breeding of albino rats had an enormous impact on experimental psychology in the twentieth century: Rats were, and for
many questions still remain, the “standard animal” for laboratory research in neurology, psychology, and physiology. Albert
Meyer was one of the figures most responsible for developing the albino rat as an experimental model. Despite Meyer’s pioneering
work with albino rats, his rat research has received only sparse attention. Little is known about the way in which the animal
served Meyer’s more famous psychiatric program. In this article, the author discusses the role that albino rats played in
Meyer’s animal research. He then turn to the contrast between the way in which Meyer viewed the animal’s role in research
and the way rats were later used as a laboratory “standard” to assure scientific generality. This comparison highlights the
changes that occurred in comparative psychology in the twentieth century, and it further clarifies some of the concerns associated
with the use of animal models today.
Reprinted from Jaan Valsiner (ed.).Thinking in Psychological Science: Ideas and Their Makers. Transaction Publishers.
Previously published inFrom Past to Future, Vol. 4(1),Animal models in human psychology: The uses of comparative methodologies, pp. 23–36. @ 2003 Frances L. Hiatt School of Psychology, Clark University. Author: Cheryl A. Logan, Ph.D., Departments of
Psychology and Biology, P. O. Box 26170, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greansboro, NC.
The author is graterful for permission to quote from the Adolf Meyer papers, which was granted by The Alan M. Chesney Medical
Archives at The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. 相似文献
54.
Pat Pridmore ∗ 《International Journal of Children's Spirituality》2004,9(1):21-38
This paper considers whether there are aspects of spiritual pedagogy specific to the education of children who are sick and asks how these concerns are to be addressed. The context of the enquiry is England and Wales where the promotion of the spiritual development of children is a legislative requirement. The focus of the study is on sick children whose treatment requires extended stay in hospital. Such children have hardly been noticed in the continuing debate about spiritual education. Our enquiry has involved analysing literature published in English in the UK and North America. We have supplemented this analysis with primary data from semi-structured interviews with three hospital schoolteachers, two hospital chaplains and the founder of a hospice for children and a ‘respice’ for young people. We argue that what emerges as important in the spiritual education of the sick child has significant implications for the spiritual education of all children. 相似文献
55.
Schneider DW Logan GD 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(2):405-415
When task-switching studies use the task-cuing procedure with a 1:1 cue-task mapping, task switching and cue switching are confounded, which is problematic for interpreting switch costs. The use of a 2:1 cue-task mapping is a potential solution to this problem, but it is possible that introducing more cues may also introduce marked changes in task-switching performance. In 5 experiments involving 160 subjects, the authors compared performance with 1:1 and 2:1 mappings across several methodological changes. Differences in switch costs between mappings were small and, in most analyses, nonsignificant. In all experiments, both mappings yielded significant reductions in switch cost across cue-target interval, and there were significant cue-switching effects with the 2:1 mapping. A model of cue encoding fit the data from both mappings about equally well. Overall, task-switching performance was more similar than it was different between mappings, leading the authors to suggest that the use of a 2:1 mapping is a viable solution to the problem associated with a 1:1 mapping. 相似文献
56.
Reeb-Sutherland BC Fifer WP Byrd DL Hammock EA Levitt P Fox NA 《Developmental science》2011,14(5):1134-1141
Although infants display preferences for social stimuli early in their lives, we know relatively little about the mechanisms of infant learning about the social world. In the current set of studies, 1-month-old infants underwent an adapted eyeblink conditioning paradigm to examine learning to both 'social' and non-social cues. While infants were asleep, they were presented with either a 'social' stimulus (a female voice) or one of two non-social stimuli (tone or backward voice) followed by an airpuff presented to the eyelid. Infants in the experimental groups displayed increased learning across trials, regardless of stimulus type. However, infants conditioned to the 'social' stimulus showed increased learning compared to infants conditioned to either of the non-social stimuli. These results suggest a mechanism by which learning about the social world occurs early in life and the power of ecologically valid cues in facilitating that learning. 相似文献
57.
Wylie Eng Sarah Moore Leon Grunberg Edward Greenberg Pat Sikora 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(2):104-120
The current study examined how work support resources and working from home influenced forms of work-family conflict (WFC)
in employees at a large corporation. Scales measuring employee’s general WFC, time-based WFC, and strain-based WFC were used
to evaluate the extent to which employees experienced work-induced conflict at home. Two forms of working at home were assessed,
days worked at home and extra hours worked at home, and five variables measured the extent of one’s support resources: work
social support, organizational support, individual consideration from one’s manager, idealized influence from one’s manager
and contingent reward from one’s manager. We predicted that days worked at home would be negatively related to the three forms
of WFC, while the extra hours worked at home would be positively related. Moreover, we hypothesized that the five support
variables would moderate the relationship between extra hours worked at home and the types of WFC. The data supported some
of the predictions, and the implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
58.
Contextual cues signaling task likelihood or the likelihood of task repetition are known to modulate the size of switch costs. We follow up on the finding by Leboe, Wong, Crump, and Stobbe (2008) that location cues predictive of the proportion of switch or repeat trials modulate switch costs. Their design employed one cue per task, whereas our experiment employed two cues per task, which allowed separate assessment of modulations to the cue-repetition benefit, a measure of lower level cue-encoding processes, and to the task-alternation cost, a measure of higher level processes representing task-set information. We demonstrate that location information predictive of switch proportion modulates performance at the level of task-set representations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that contextual control occurs even when subjects are unaware of the associations between context and switch likelihood. We discuss the notion that contextual information provides rapid, unconscious control over the extent to which prior task-set representations are retrieved in the service of guiding online performance. 相似文献
59.
In 5 experiments, the authors examined the development of automatic response inhibition in the go/no-go paradigm and a modified version of the stop-signal paradigm. They hypothesized that automatic response inhibition may develop over practice when stimuli are consistently associated with stopping. All 5 experiments consisted of a training phase and a test phase in which the stimulus mapping was reversed for a subset of the stimuli. Consistent with the automatic-inhibition hypothesis, the authors found that responding in the test phase was slowed when the stimulus had been consistently associated with stopping in the training phase. In addition, they found that response inhibition benefited from consistent stimulus-stop associations. These findings suggest that response inhibition may rely on the retrieval of stimulus-stop associations after practice with consistent stimulus-stop mappings. Stimulus-stop mapping is typically consistent in the go/no-go paradigm, so automatic inhibition is likely to occur. However, stimulus-stop mapping is typically inconsistent in the stop-signal paradigm, so automatic inhibition is unlikely to occur. Thus, the results suggest that the two paradigms are not equivalent because they allow different kinds of response inhibition. 相似文献
60.
In the present study, we tested three hypotheses that account for after-effects of response inhibition and goal shifting: the goal-shifting hypothesis, the reaction time (RT) adjustment hypothesis, and the stimulus-goal association hypothesis. To distinguish between the hypotheses, we examined performance in the stop-change paradigm and the dual-task paradigm. In the stop-change paradigm, we found that responding on no-signal trials slowed down when a stop-change signal was presented on the previous trial. Similarly, in the dual-task paradigm, we found that responding on no-signal trials slowed down when a dual-task signal was presented on the previous trial. However, aftereffects of unsuccessful inhibition or dual-task performance were observed only when the stimulus of the previous trial was repeated. These results are consistent with stimulus--goal association hypothesis, which assumes that the stimulus is associated with the different task goals on signal trials; when the stimulus is repeated, the tasks goal are retrieved, and interference occurs. 相似文献