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161.
Several studies have shown that source-monitoring errors are related to verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. An exploratory pilot study has been carried out to investigate the possibility of training patients in how to avoid errors in source-monitoring. One patient with paranoid schizophrenia and persistent thought insertions was trained for 6 hours to use mnemonic techniques to compensate specific deficits in source-monitoring. Results show that the patient was able to improve his performance and maintain the acquired progress at a 1-month follow-up assessment. These preliminary results are interesting for developing a larger controlled study of cognitive remediation of source-monitoring deficits. 相似文献
162.
163.
Delcourt J Becco C Ylieff MY Caps H Vandewalle N Poncin P 《Behavior research methods》2006,38(4):704-710
Coming from the framework of unmarked fry tracking, we compared the capacities, advantages, and disadvantages of two recent
video tracking systems: EthoVision 2.3 and a new prototype of multitracking. The EthoVision system has proved to be impressive
for tracking a fry using the detection by gray scaling. Detection by subtraction has given less accurate results. Our video
multitracking system is able to detect and track more than 100 unmarked fish by gray scaling technique. It permits an analysis
at the group level as well as at the individual level. The multitracking program is able to attribute a number to each fish
and to follow each one for the whole duration of the track. Our system permits the analysis of the movement of each individual,
even if the trajectories of two fish cross each other. This is possible thanks to the theoretical estimation of the trajectory
of each fish, which can be compared with the real trajectory (analysis with feedback). However, the period of the track is
limited for our system (about 1 min), whereas EthoVision is able to track for numerous hours. In spite of these limitations,
these two systems allow an almost continuous automatic sampling of the movement behaviors during the track. 相似文献
164.
Sargolini F Florian C Oliverio A Mele A Roullet P 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2003,10(4):285-292
Recent evidence now points to a role of glutamate transmission within the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) in spatial learning and memory. Unfortunately, the role of the distinct classes of glutamate receptors within this structure in mediating the different steps of the memorization process is not clear. The aim of this study therefore was to further investigate this issue, trying to assess the involvement of the two classes of glutamate receptors within the Nacc in consolidation of spatial information using an associative spatial task, the water maze. For this purpose, focal injections of the NMDA antagonist, AP-5, and of the AMPA antagonist, DNQX, have been performed immediately after the training phase, and mice have been tested for retention 24 h later. Two different versions of the water-maze task have been used: In the place version, animals could learn the position of the platform using visual distal cues, and in the cue version, the location of the platform was indicated by a single proximal cue. The results demonstrated that posttraining NMDA receptor blockade affects mice response in the place but not in the cue water-maze task. On the contrary, AMPA receptor blockade induced no effect in either version of the task. These data confirm a functional dissociation between glutamate receptors located in the Nacc in modulating spatial memory consolidation and indicate that they are specifically involved in consolidation of information necessary to acquire a place but not to a guidance strategy. 相似文献
165.
This study deals with the relationship between affect and cognition. This relationship is conceptualized in the terms of Bower's (Bower & Cohen, 1982) theory. Subjects (early adolescents aged 12 or 14, boy or girl) were asked to imagine themselves as the actor in an interpersonal situation. The situation was either intimate or non-intimate, and the hypothetical partner was either a boy or a girl. The subject's task was to produce a series of sentences expressing the behaviours considered representative of each situation. The results indicated (1) the existence of a typicality hierarchy (whose characteristics are examined here) and (2) variations in this hierarchy according to the affective tone of the situation (intimate or non-intimate). We explain how the cultural, interpersonal situation norms acquired by adolescents can account for these variations. Thus, contrary to what some authors contend, variations in typicality are not random. 相似文献
166.
An experiment tested the impact of performance feedback on self-focused attention in high and low achievers. On the basis of previous research, which suggested that inconsistent feedback (i.e., feedback which contradicts one's performance history) receives considerable attention, it was predicted that such feedback would increase self-focus regardless of its valence (i.e., positive or negative). As predicted, high achievers were more self-focused when receiving failure feedback than when receiving success feedback or no feedback. The low achievers were more self-focused when receiving success feedback than when receiving failure feedback or no feedback. These findings are discussed in relation to Kluger and DeNisi's (1996) Feedback intervention theory and the literature on self-focused attention. 相似文献
167.
168.
In the past ten or so years, numerous experiments have been conducted to illustrate the intervention of social regulations in cognitive functioning (e.g., social coordination, sociocognitive conflict, and social marking). However, in that way, social comparison processes have not received any extended theoretical and empirical attention. Several experimental results are reported here in an attempt to show that the social conditions, in particular personal and categorical comparison situations, in which subjects are led to perform memory and problem-solving tasks constitute a determining factor in their cognitive performances. The discussion presents some new theoretical prospects for the study of social regulations of cognitive functioning. 相似文献
169.
Two inferential routes allow children to produce expectations about new instances of ontological categories like “animal” and “artefact.” One is to generalise information from a “look-up table” of familiar kind-concepts. The other one is to use independent expectations at the level of ontological domains. Our experiment pits these two sources of information against each other, using a sentence-judgement task associating properties with images of familiar and unfamiliar artefacts and animals. “Strange” properties are compatible with the ontological concept, but not encountered in any familiar kind. A look-up strategy would lead children to reject them and an independent expectation strategy to accept them. In both domains, we find a difference in reaction to strange properties associated with familiar vs. unfamiliar items, which shows that even young children do use independent domain-level information. We also found a U-shaped curve in propensity to use such abstract information. In addition, animal categories are the object of much more definite domain-level expectations, which supports the notion that the animal domain is more causally integrated than the artefact domain. 相似文献
170.
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that individual differences in sensation seeking account for adolescents’ risk behavior and vocational interests. We relied on Arnett’s (1994) conceptualization of sensation seeking as involving a need for intensity and a need for novelty, neither of which includes the willingness to take risks. Self-report scales measuring intensity seeking, novelty seeking, impulsiveness, risk behavior and vocational interest were administered to 636 adolescents. New scales measuring intensity seeking (IS) and novelty seeking (NS) were used. Regression analyses showed that IS and to a lesser extent NS accounted for a small part of variance of risk behavior, independent of impulsiveness. IS and NS accounted for vocational interests. The discussion emphasizes the importance of disentangling sensation seeking as a trait from willingness to take risks when one intends to analyse the effect of the former on risk behavior. 相似文献