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81.
82.
83.
Terence Parsons 《Synthese》1970,21(3-4):320-334
This paper consists principally of selections from a much longer work on the semantics of English. It discusses some problems concerning how to represent grammatical modifiers (e.g. slowly in x drives slowly) in a logically perspicuous notation. A proposal of Reichenbach's is given and criticized; then a new theory (apparently discovered independently by myself, Romain Clark, and Richard Montague and Hans Kamp) is given, in which grammatical modifiers are represented by operators added to a first-order predicate calculus. Finally some problems concerning applications of adjectives to that-clauses and gerundive-clauses are discussed. 相似文献
84.
85.
Richard L. Port Patricia W. Parsons Kathleen S. Curtis Kevin S. Seybold 《Current Psychology》1990,9(4):323-332
The hippocampal formation is a highly delineated brain structure that is believed to play a prominent role in learning and
memory. The present experiment evaluated the contributions of medial and lateral perforant path input to bar press-conditioning
under (a) continuous and (b) differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) schedules, and (c) shuttlebox avoidance
conditioning. Bilateral deafferentation of either pathway had no effect on the acquisition of bar press responses or on performance
under the DRL schedule. Deafferentation of the medial pathway facilitated acquisition of avoidance responses in a manner much
like the effects seen in hippocampectomized animals. It is suggested that the medial perforant path participates in the expression
of correlated patterns of neuronal discharge known to develop within the hippocampus and that this “model” serves to modulate
the temporal characteristics of simple conditioned reflexes. Loss of the modulatory influence of the model may affect acquisition
and extinction rates. Contributions of other hippocampal circuits are discussed in relation to established deficits.
Preliminary results of this experiment were presented at the second annual convention of the American Psychological Society,
Dallas, Texas, June 1990. 相似文献
86.
Richard L. Port Patricia W. Parsons Kathleen S. Curtis Kevin S. Seybold 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1990,9(4):323-332
The hippocampal formation is a highly delineated brain structure that is believed to play a prominent role in learning and
memory. The present experiment evaluated the contributions of medial and lateral perforant path input to bar press-conditioning
under (a) continuous and (b) differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) schedules, and (c) shuttlebox avoidance
conditioning. Bilateral deafferentation of either pathway had no effect on the acquisition of bar press responses or on performance
under the DRL schedule. Deafferentation of the medial pathway facilitated acquisition of avoidance responses in a manner much
like the effects seen in hippocampectomized animals. It is suggested that the medial perforant path participates in the expression
of correlated patterns of neuronal discharge known to develop within the hippocampus and that this “model” serves to modulate
the temporal characteristics of simple conditioned reflexes. Loss of the modulatory influence of the model may affect acquisition
and extinction rates. Contributions of other hippocampal circuits are discussed in relation to established deficits.
Preliminary results of this experiment were presented at the second annual convention of the American Psychological Society,
Dallas, Texas, June 1990. 相似文献
87.
Charles Parsons 《Synthese》1990,84(3):303-346
This paper is based on lectures given to meetings of the Society for Exact Philosophy in Toronto, May 17, 1985, and of the Association for Symbolic Logic in Washington, DC, December 29, 1985. Some of the material had been presented in lectures at Dartmouth College in 1981 and at the University of Padua in 1983. I am indebted to comments from all four audiences, and also to correspondence with Michael Resnik and especially W. W. Tait. This paper was written while I was at Columbia University, to which I and it owe much. Support of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
88.
Kevin S. Seybold Kathleen S. Curtis Patricia W. Parsons Chikako Inoue Richard L. Port 《Current Psychology》1993,12(4):283-295
The hippocampus plays an important role in learning and memory, but the precise nature of that involvement remains uncertain.
Transection of the perforant path, a primary input pathway to the hippocampus, has been shown to produce changes in reaction
to novelty and acquisition of active avoidance; the nature and magnitude of these changes vary with lateral or medial perforant
path damage. In a series of experiments on adult rats, the role of these pathways in spontaneous alternation, exploration,
acquisition and extinction of conditioned responses, passive avoidance, and conditioned taste aversion was investigated. Lateral
transection reduced exploration while medial transection facilitated acquisition of an active avoidance response; no effects
were observed on any other measure. Results are discussed in terms of what perforant path damage might reveal regarding the
interactions of the hippocampus with other brain regions. 相似文献
89.
In light of the continuing need for residential, direct service staff to be able to teach people with severe disabilities, we comprehensively evaluated a program to train staff in behavioral teaching strategies. The program was developed and evaluated with attention given to recent concerns in the staff management literature regarding shortcomings with staff training research. The training program, involving a maximum of four, 2-hr classroom instruction sessions and three in vivo observation and feedback sessions, was evaluated in four studies. In Study 1, the program was shown to improve verbal skills of 13 direct service staff regarding behavioral teaching principles and terminology. In Study 2, the program was demonstrated to improve performance based teaching skills of nine staff and four staff supervisors. In Study 3, the program was shown to result in improvements in adaptive skills of three clients with severe disabilities when direct care staff used their newly acquired teaching skills with the clients. In Study 4, the training program was shown to be well received among 17 staff trainees, although the trainees were more accepting of some program components than others. Results of the studies are discussed in regard to the importance of agencies providing effective and acceptable staff training programs. Future research areas also are noted, focusing on the need to determine, and minimize where possible, the amount of time required to conduct successful staff training. 相似文献
90.
Christine E. Parsons Katherine S. Young Ritu Bhandari Marinus H. van Ijzendoorn Marian J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg Alan Stein Morten L. Kringelbach 《Developmental science》2014,17(2):257-269
Attractive individuals are perceived as having various positive personality qualities. Positive personality qualities can in turn increase perceived attractiveness. However, the developmental origins of the link between attractiveness and personality are not understood. This is important because infant attractiveness (‘cuteness’) elicits caregiving from adults, and infant personality (‘temperament’) shapes caregiving behaviour. While research suggests that adults have more positive attitudes towards cuter infants, it is not known whether positive infant temperament can increase the perception of infant cuteness. We investigated the impact of experimentally established infant temperament on adults' perception of cuteness and desire to view individual faces. Ataseline, adults rated the cuteness of, and keypressed to view, images of unfamiliar infants with neutral facial expressions. Training required adults to learn about an infant's ‘temperament’, through repeated pairing of the neutral infant face with positive or negative facial expressions and vocalizations. Adults then re‐rated the original neutral infant faces. Post‐training, there were significant changes from baseline: infants who were mostly happy were perceived as cuter and adults expended greater effort to view them. Infants who were mostly sad were not perceived as cuter and adults expended less effort to view them. Our results suggest that temperament has clear consequences for how adults perceive ‘bonnie’ babies. Perception of infant cuteness is not based on physical facial features alone, and is modifiable through experience. 相似文献