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811.
Uncertain quantities can be described by single‐point estimates of lower interval bounds (X1), upper interval bounds (X2), two‐bound estimates (separate estimates of X1 and X2), and by ranges (X1?X2). A price estimation task showed that single‐bound estimates phrased as “T costs more than X1” and “T costs less than X2,” yielded much larger intervals than “minimum X1” and “maximum X2.” This difference can be attributed to exclusive interpretations of X1 and X2 in the first case (X1 and X2 are unlikely values), and inclusive interpretations in the second (X1 and X2 are likely values). This pattern of results was replicated in other domains where participants estimated single targets. When they estimated a distribution of targets, the pattern was reversed. “Minimum” and “maximum” values of variable quantities (e.g., flight prices) were found to delimit larger intervals than “more than” and “less than” estimates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
812.
Charles J Holahan Rudolf H Moos Marie L Moerkbak Ruth C Cronkite Carole K Holahan Brent A Kenney 《Journal of family psychology》2007,21(4):551-559
Following a baseline sample of 184 married couples over 10 years, the present study develops a broadened conceptualization of linkages in spouses' functioning by examining similarity in coping as well as in depressive symptoms. Consistent with hypotheses, results demonstrated (a) similarity in depressive symptoms within couples across 10 years, (b) similarity in coping within couples over 10 years, and (c) the role of coping similarity in strengthening depressive similarity between spouses. Spousal similarity in coping was evident for a composite measure of percent approach coping as well as for component measures of approach and avoidance coping. The role of coping similarity in strengthening depressive symptom similarity was observed for percent approach coping and for avoidance coping. These findings support social contextual models of psychological adjustment that emphasize the importance of dynamic interdependencies between individuals in close relationships. 相似文献
813.
Bergeron L Valla JP Smolla N Piché G Berthiaume C St-Georges M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(3):459-474
There are relatively few community-based epidemiological studies in which correlates of
depressive disorders were identified through multivariate analyses in children and adolescents aged 6--14
years. Moreover, several family characteristics (e.g., parent-child relationship) have never been explored in
this regard. The purpose of this study was twofold. Using data from the Quebec Child Mental Health Survey,
it sought: (1) to identify psychosocial correlates associated with depressive disorder in two age-groups (6--11 and 12-14
years) according to informant (child/adolescent, parent); and (2) to interpret the relative
importance of correlates by ranking variables according to strength and consistency of association across
age-groups. Logistic regression models show correlates to be inconsistent across informants. The ranking of
correlates indicates a major contribution of only-child status/ordinal position, parent's major depressive
disorder, stressful family events, and parent-child relationship, thereby supporting the hypothesis of the
relevance of family context in the development of depression. 相似文献
814.
The effect of varying load in memory tasks performed during a time interval production was examined. In a first experiment, increasing load in memory search for temporal order affected concurrent time production more strongly than varying load in a spatial memory task of equivalent difficulty. This result suggests that timing uses some specific resources also required in processing temporal order in memory, resources that would not be used in the spatial memory task. A second experiment showed that the interference between time production and memory search involving temporal order was stronger when, during the timing task, a decision was made on the temporal position of a memory item, than when information on temporal order was retained throughout the interval to be produced. These results underscore the importance of considering the specific resources and processes involved when the interference between timing and concurrent non-temporal tasks is analyzed. 相似文献
815.
The Effect of Acceptance/Rejection Status, Status Notification, and Organizational Obligation Fulfillment on Applicant Intentions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Reactions to receiving or failing to receive rejection/acceptance letters were examined from the perspective of psychological contracts. In Study 1, a laboratory experiment, organizational obligation fulfillment was predicted by status (rejection/acceptance) and notification (no notification; notification only; notification plus explanation) such that those rejected without notification reported the lowest level of organizational obligation fulfillment. In Study 2, a field survey, applicants who were rejected with no rejection communication were more likely to believe that the organization failed to fulfill its obligations, and reported more negative intentions toward the organization compared to those who received a rejection communication. In both studies, organizational obligation fulfillment accounted for incremental variance in applicant intentions, beyond that of applicant status and type of rejection notification. 相似文献
816.
Online behavior refers to organized (e.g., search) and unorganized (e.g., browse) interactions with both human (e.g., chat) and nonhuman (e.g., database) elements in online environments. The salient features of online behavior are conceptualized as sociability (human connection motives), utility (efficiency orientation), and reciprocity (cognitive stimulation and active involvement). Recently published factor analytic studies support the validity of these three dimensions of online behavior. The proposed Brief Test of Online Behavior (BTOB) contains five rating scale items that determine user position on each dimension of online behavior (i.e., 15 items in total). A typology of online behavior emerges as BTOB scores position users in the three-dimensional space created by the intersection of sociability, utility, and reciprocity. Subsequent research may validate the proposed dimensions of online behavior, establish practical applications of the BTOB, and connect type of user with cognitive, social, and emotional outcomes. For example, users who score high on sociability and reciprocity but low on utility may learn best in interactive and stimulating online environments, which necessarily include self-regulating software. 相似文献
817.
Hvorecny LM Grudowski JL Blakeslee CJ Simmons TL Roy PR Brooks JA Hanner RM Beigel ME Karson MA Nichols RH Holm JB Boal JG 《Animal cognition》2007,10(4):449-459
In complex navigation using landmarks, an animal must discriminate between potential cues and show context (condition) sensitivity. Such conditional discrimination is considered a form of complex learning and has been associated primarily with vertebrates. We tested the hypothesis that octopuses and cuttlefish are capable of conditional discrimination. Subjects were trained in two maze configurations (the conditions) in which they were required to select one of two particular escape routes within each maze (the discrimination). Conditional discrimination could be demonstrated by selecting the correct escape route in each maze. Six of ten mud-flat octopuses (Octopus bimaculoides), 6 of 13 pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis), and one of four common cuttlefish (S. officinalis) demonstrated conditional discrimination by successfully solving both mazes. These experiments demonstrate that cephalopods are capable of conditional discrimination and extend the limits of invertebrate complex learning. 相似文献
818.
Anne‐Marie de la Haye 《European journal of social psychology》2000,30(4):569-581
Although the existence of the false consensus effect is beyond all doubt, its interpretation as a judgemental bias is still a matter of debate. Krueger recently proposed a new measure for this phenomenon, called the truly false consensus effect (TFCE). This measure consists of correlating the subject's endorsement of each item with the error he or she made in estimating the popularity of that same item. I question the validity of this measure, arguing that it could be negative even in cases where false consensus is at work. I present an inter‐group study where participants made percentage estimates for various behaviours. The results yielded a significantly negative TFCE, although other measures of false consensus demonstrate that the phenomenon is present. I discuss the differences between Krueger's studies and my own, and suggest that a better measure of false consensus might be the particle correlation between endorsement and estimated popularity, controlling for true popularity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
819.
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