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41.
Peter A. Wyman Emory L. Cowen William C. Work Gayle R. Parker 《American journal of community psychology》1991,19(3):405-426
Reports findings from interviews with parents of demographically-comparable groups of highly-stressed urban children with stress-resilient (SR) and stress-affected (SA) outcomes at ages 10-12. SR and SA children were compared on family milieu and child development variables assessed within a developmental framework. Compared to SAs, parents of SRs scored higher on variables reflecting parent perceptions of a nurturant caregiver-child relationship and self-views as effective caregivers, in the context of positive discipline practices, a child's positive early temperament, and support for primary caregivers. A discriminant function analysis identified seven variables that optimally differentiated the groups and correctly classified 86% of the Ss as SR or SA. 相似文献
42.
Two response measures that described the consistency and accuracy of motor performance were investigated. A pursuit tracking task was used as the vehicle whereby changes in perceptual motor performance could be monitored over several learning trials. The intra-individual variability of a subject's tracking response was compared to the root mean squared error that was accumulated during each block of trials. Whereas both response measures were sensitive to the changes in performance that occured as a result of practice, neither could be considered sufficiently informative as to be used as a sole indicator of skill acquisition. It appears that both consistency and error measures are needed to describe the subjects' performance as they acquire a perceptual motor skill. 相似文献
43.
Ian D. McMahan 《Sex roles》1982,8(9):949-958
College subjects undertook nine cognitive tasks with different perceived sex linkages, stating their expectancy of success prior to each task and attributing causality for their perceived performance following each task. As hypothesized, two components were present in the overall sex difference in expectancy of success, even when differences in actual task performance were statistically controlled. One component was attributable to a general tendency of females to state lower expectancies; the other was a function of the accord between the perceived sex linkage of the task and the subject's sex. The attribution data suggest that females tend to be more external for success and more internal for failure than males.The research reported here was partially supported by Grant #10692 from the Research Foundation of the City University of New York. The assistance of Bruce Eisman in testing subjects and of Rudy Lorber in data analysis is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
44.
Ian Vine 《Current Psychology》1982,2(1):1-18
The concept of ‘personal space’ has sometimes been invoked in attempts to explain stressful effects of crowding; but the literature
on personal space reveals divergent findings according to the definitions and methods of measurement used. Redefinitions are
proposed whereby personal space preferences can be seen as mediating our reactions to the spatial proximity of others, according
to a dynamic model which considers both task-related needs for physical space and privacy needs, together with concern over
social norms and attributions.
It is argued that perceived illegitimate invasion of the personal space one claims is likely to give rise to stress effects
if coping responses fail. Thus crowding is likely to be stressful in many natural contexts where personal space is intruded
upon frequently, especially when attributions of intentional thwarting are made. Further theoretical advances in this area
must rest upon more precise specification of processes by which social relationships, situational variables, and subjective
motivational, perceptual, and evaluative factors jointly determine an agent’s personal space claims and associated reactions
to spatial invasion. 相似文献
45.
46.
47.
Michael F. Cataldo Cindee A. Bessman Lynn H. Parker Joyce E. Reid Pearson Mark C. Rogers 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1979,12(1):83-97
Two studies were conducted to analyze behaviors of staff and patients on a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). In the first study, behavioral observation procedures were employed to assess patient state, physical position, affect, verbal behaviors, visual attention and activity engagement, and staff verbal behavior. On the average, one-third of the patients were judged to be conscious and alert but markedly nonengaged with their environment. In the second study, a member of the hospital staff provided alert patients with individual activities to determine whether a simple environmental manipulation could positively affect behavior of children in intensive care. Employing a reversal design, the activity intervention was found to increase attention and engagement and positive affect, and to decrease inappropriate behavior. Both studies demonstrate that behavioral assessment procedures can provide an empirical basis for designing PICU routines affecting children's psychosocial status, and, thus, complement current procedures designed to provide quality medical care. 相似文献
48.
Menstrual cycle affects kinesthetic aftereffect, an index of personality and perceptual style 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A H Baker B L Mishara I W Kostin L Parker 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1979,37(2):234-246
Research suggests that kinesthetic aftereffect (KAE) scores reflect status on a postulated stimulus intensity modulation (SIM) mechanism that damps down subjective stimulus intensity for some (reducing) and increases it for others (augmenting). Such a mechanism would help account for empirically observed individual differences in such behaviors as pain tolerance, sensory deprivation reactivity, and stimulation seeking. It was hypothesized and confirmed in three adult female samples that KAE varies curvilinearly over the menstrual cycle: Greater KAE reduction occurs at the cycle's beginning and end. Neither tiredness, oral contraception, medication, attention, nor social expectations can explain this finding. Of the behaviors studied in the KAE literature, only five are also encompassed by the menstrual cycle literature. Four of these (antisocial behavior, acute schizophrenic episodes, accidents, and activity level) show similar curvilinearity over the cycle. We hypothesize that cyclical variation in the SIM mechanism mediates the curvilinear pattern observed for both these four behaviors and KAE. 相似文献
49.
Janat F. Parker 《International journal of psychology》1977,12(4):243-252
This investigation compared the free recall of concrete and abstract words in American and Ghanaian college students. There were no differences in the total number of words recalled as a function of concreteness or culture. However, recall of concrete words showed a greater improvement across trials for both cultures. Although there was no difference in the amounts of subjective organization exhibited by Ghanaian and American students, there was evidence for a greater serializing tendency among American students. It appears that the major cultural differences typically observed in African-American comparisons of free recall may be overshadowed by increases in the educational level of the subjects. 相似文献
50.