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231.
Gregory Park H. Andrew Schwartz Maarten Sap Margaret L. Kern Evan Weingarten Johannes C. Eichstaedt Jonah Berger David J. Stillwell Michal Kosinski Lyle H. Ungar Martin E. P. Seligman 《Journal of personality》2017,85(2):270-280
Temporal orientation refers to individual differences in the relative emphasis one places on the past, present, or future, and it is related to academic, financial, and health outcomes. We propose and evaluate a method for automatically measuring temporal orientation through language expressed on social media. Judges rated the temporal orientation of 4,302 social media messages. We trained a classifier based on these ratings, which could accurately predict the temporal orientation of new messages in a separate validation set (accuracy/mean sensitivity = .72; mean specificity = .77). We used the classifier to automatically classify 1.3 million messages written by 5,372 participants (50% female; ages 13–48). Finally, we tested whether individual differences in past, present, and future orientation differentially related to gender, age, Big Five personality, satisfaction with life, and depressive symptoms. Temporal orientations exhibit several expected correlations with age, gender, and Big Five personality. More future‐oriented people were older, more likely to be female, more conscientious, less impulsive, less depressed, and more satisfied with life; present orientation showed the opposite pattern. Language‐based assessments can complement and extend existing measures of temporal orientation, providing an alternative approach and additional insights into language and personality relationships. 相似文献
232.
While the concept of the “new involved father” has gained popularity in the media and academic circles, it is unclear to what extent behavioral expectations of moms and dads today reflect gender equality. Using a Go/No-Go Task, Study 1 examined implicit associations between behavioral images indicative of childcare versus the professional world with (a) parent roles (dads versus moms) and (b) gender categories (males versus females). Both evidenced strong persistence of traditional stereotypes. Moreover, females were more strongly associated with the role mom than males were with dad. In Study 2, individual variation in the strength of these implicit associations predicted differences in judgments of how best to resolve work—family conflicts along traditional stereotypic lines. Implicit associations tying mom to childcare and dad to the professional world likely contribute to greater experienced conflict for women than men in striving to be both a parent and a professional. 相似文献
233.
A. Zwenneke Bosch Abraham P. Buunk Frans W. Siero Justin H. Park 《European journal of social psychology》2010,40(5):847-855
As the tendency to compare oneself with others may be associated with the tendency to focus on similarities, we hypothesized that individual differences in social comparison orientation (SCO) may moderate the consequences of upward and downward comparisons. In Study 1, high comparers were found to focus more on similarities than low comparers, suggesting that high comparers are more likely to assimilate in general. In Study 2, SCO was found to be positively associated with mood following exposure to an attractive target, and negatively associated with mood following exposure to a less attractive target. In Studies 2 and 3, SCO was found to be positively associated with self‐evaluations of attractiveness following exposure to an attractive target and negatively associated with self‐evaluations of attractiveness following exposure to a less attractive target. These results indicate that research on the consequences of social comparison must attend to individual differences in SCO. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
234.
This study investigated cosmetic surgery attitudes within the framework of objectification theory. One hundred predominantly White, British undergraduate women completed self-report measures of impression management, global self-esteem, interpersonal sexual objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, and three components of cosmetic surgery attitudes. As expected, each of the objectification theory variables predicted greater consideration of having cosmetic surgery in the future. Also, as expected, sexual objectification and body shame uniquely predicted social motives for cosmetic surgery, whereas self-surveillance uniquely predicted intrapersonal motives for cosmetic surgery. These findings suggest that women’s acceptance of cosmetic surgery as a way to manipulate physical appearance can be partially explained by the degree to which they view themselves through the lenses of sexual and self-objectification. 相似文献
235.
236.
Satoshi Shimai Keiko Otake Nansook Park Christopher Peterson Martin E. P. Seligman 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2006,7(3):311-322
We investigated cultural influences on the distribution of character strengths, gender differences in character strengths,
and the relationship of happiness to character strengths. Young adults from the United States (n=1099) and Japan (n=308) completed the English or Japanese versions of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths. American and Japanese showed
similar distributions of the 24 strengths measured: Higher strengths included love, humor and kindness, and lesser strengths
included prudence, self-regulation, and modesty. Gender differences across cultures were also similar: Females were more likely
than males to report strengths of love and kindness, whereas males were more likely to report bravery and creativity. In both
samples, associations with happiness were found for zest, hope, curiosity and gratitude. The present study is a first step
in an international study of character strengths, and we discuss the ubiquity and variation of character across culture. 相似文献
237.
This paper presents a theoretical framework that advances current understanding of motivational and affective causes and consequences
of small group processes and behaviors. Theories on the approach and avoidance systems of motivation state that these systems
are active in the presence of potential positive or negative outcomes, respectively. In many instances, groups are associated
with rewards and are perceived to facilitate positive outcomes (“strength in numbers”), and are a source of security and thought
to reduce the occurrence of negative outcomes (“safety in numbers”). Accordingly, group membership and interaction should
impact activation of group members’ approach and avoidance motivation systems. Thus, systematic group influences on mood,
information processing, perceptions, attention, and behavior should be expected. The integration of approach and avoidance
theories with small group research can potentially broaden our knowledge of the group experience, and lead to a theoretical
framework for investigations of goal-directed behaviors in group settings. 相似文献
238.
Jennifer R. Overbeck Bernadette Park 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2006,99(2):227-243
We argue that the effect of power on social attention is a function of flexible, instrumental information processing that allows the high power perceiver to attain situation specific goals using whatever means are available, including attention. Study 1 assigned powerful participants to more “people-centered” or more “product-centered” goals, and found that people-centered powerholders better individuated low-power targets. Study 2 examined responses by both high- and low-power organization members, and found powerful judges more responsive to organizational goals in setting priorities and using information about the organization than powerless judges. Together, these results suggest that powerholders use social attention, like other resources, in order to advance their ability to fulfill organizational goals. 相似文献
239.
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging and Culture 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ABSTRACT— Research into the cognitive neuroscience of aging has revealed exciting and unexpected changes to the brain over the lifespan. However, studies have mostly been conducted on Western populations, raising doubts about the universality of age-related changes. Cross-cultural investigation of aging provides a window into the stability of changes with age due to neurobiology, as well as into the flexibility of aging due to life experiences that impact cognition. Behavioral findings suggest that different cultures process distinct aspects of information and employ diverse information-processing strategies. The study of aging allows us to identify those age-related neural changes that persist across cultures as well as the changes that are driven by culture-specific life experiences. 相似文献
240.
Park Crystal L. Williams Michelle K. Hernandez Paul R. Agocha V. Bede Carney Lauren M. DePetris Andrea E. Lee Sharon Y. 《Social Psychology of Education》2019,22(1):91-112
Social Psychology of Education - Psychological factors have been implicated in STEM persistence but remain poorly understood. In particular, the role of self-regulation—the cognitive,... 相似文献