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61.
Hilde M. Huizenga Ingmar Visser Conor V. Dolan 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2011,64(1):1-19
Random effects meta‐regression is a technique to synthesize results of multiple studies. It allows for a test of an overall effect, as well as for tests of effects of study characteristics, that is, (discrete or continuous) moderator effects. We describe various procedures to test moderator effects: the z, t, likelihood ratio (LR), Bartlett‐corrected LR (BcLR), and resampling tests. We compare the Type I error of these tests, and conclude that the common z test, and to a lesser extent the LR test, do not perform well since they may yield Type I error rates appreciably larger than the chosen alpha. The error rate of the resampling test is accurate, closely followed by the BcLR test. The error rate of the t test is less accurate but arguably tolerable. With respect to statistical power, the BcLR and t tests slightly outperform the resampling test. Therefore, our recommendation is to use either the resampling or the BcLR test. If these statistics are unavailable, then the t test should be used since it is certainly superior to the z test. 相似文献
62.
In a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we demonstrated an involvement of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) during an implicit learning task. We concluded that the MTL was engaged because of the complex contingencies that were implicitly learned. In addition, the basal ganglia demonstrated effects of a paralleled proceduralization of fixed stimulus-response associations. In the present study we directly tested the hypothesis that the MTL activation depends upon implementing the complex regularity in task material, whereas activation of basal ganglia does not. Therefore, we rearranged task material such that it did not contain any complex regularity. The statistical comparison of behavioral and fMRI data between the materials allowed for isolating effects that were directly related to the implicit learning process regarding the complex regularity. The results showed a reliable difference of fMRI signal limited to the MTL, indicating a specific functional role of the MTL in implicit learning of complex contingencies. Furthermore, no difference of BOLD (Blood-Oxygenation Level Dependent) signal in the basal ganglia and cerebellum were detected, supporting the assumption of a functional involvement of the structures in proceduralization of simple stimulus-response associations but not in implicitly learning complex relations. We therefore conclude that the nature of the learned associations is relevant for determining the neuronal focus of learning, rather than the accompanying awareness. 相似文献
63.
Mozzachiodi R Lechner HA Baxter DA Byrne JH 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2003,10(6):478-494
The feeding behavior of Aplysia californica can be classically conditioned using tactile stimulation of the lips as a conditioned stimulus (CS) and food as an unconditioned stimulus (US). Moreover, several neural correlates of classical conditioning have been identified. The present study extended previous work by developing an in vitro analog of classical conditioning and by investigating pairing-specific changes in neuronal and synaptic properties. The preparation consisted of the isolated cerebral and buccal ganglia. Electrical stimulation of a lip nerve (AT4) and a branch of the esophageal nerve (En2) served as the CS and US, respectively. Three protocols were used: paired, unpaired, and US alone. Only the paired protocol produced a significant increase in CS-evoked fictive feeding. At the cellular level, classical conditioning enhanced the magnitude of the CS-evoked synaptic input to pattern-initiating neuron B31/32. In addition, paired training enhanced both the magnitude of the CS-evoked synaptic input and the CS-evoked spike activity in command-like neuron CBI-2. The in vitro analog of classical conditioning reproduced all of the cellular changes that previously were identified following behavioral conditioning and has led to the identification of several new learning-related neural changes. In addition, the pairing-specific enhancement of the CS response in CBI-2 indicates that some aspects of associative plasticity may occur at the level of the cerebral sensory neurons. 相似文献
64.
65.
Switch costs occur whenever participants are asked to switch between two or more task sets. In a typical task switching experiment, participants have to switch between two task sets composed of up to four different stimuli per task set. These 2 (task sets) x 4 (stimuli) contain only 8 different stimulus-response (S-R) mappings, and the question is why participants base their task performance on task sets instead of S-R mappings. The current experiments compared task performance based on task rules with performance based on single stimulus-response mappings. Participants were led to learn eight different S-R mappings with or without fore-knowledge about two underlying task sets. Without task set information no difference between shifts and repetitions occurred, whereas introducing task sets at the beginning led to significant switch costs. Most importantly, introducing task sets in the middle of the experiment also resulted in significant switch costs. Furthermore, introducing task rules at the beginning of the experiment lead to slower RTs when simple stimuli (Experiment 1) had to be processed. This detrimental effect disappeared with more complex stimuli (Experiment 2). Results will be discussed with respect to cognitive control. 相似文献
66.
According to the Unexpected-Event Hypothesis (UEH) (Frensch, Haider, Rünger, Neugebauer, Voigt & Werg, 2002), conflicts between expected and actually performed behaviors trigger attribution processes and ultimately lead to the ability
to verbally report an incidentally experienced sequential regularity. In two experiments, we manipulated the likelihood that
a specific conflict, a premature response, occurred in a sequential version of the Number Reduction Task (NRT). Experiment
1 demonstrated that a longer RSI leads to a larger number of premature responses and to more verbal report than a shorter
RSI. However, this effect of the RSI on verbal report was removed when participants were discouraged from emitting premature
responses. Experiment 2 revealed that artificially inducing premature responses leads to an increase in verbal report, but
only when premature responses are introduced late in training. Overall, the findings strongly support the assumptions of the
UEH. 相似文献
67.
Linn-Heidi Lunde Inger Hilde Nordhus Ståle Pallesen 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2009,16(3):254-262
This study provides a meta-analytic review of cognitive and behavioural interventions for chronic pain in the elderly, focusing
on treatment effectiveness. Included in the analysis are studies in which a comparison was made either to a control condition
or to pre-treatment. A total of 12 outcome studies published or reported between January 1975 and March 2008, were identified
involving participants 60 years and above and providing 16 separate treatment interventions. The analysis indicated that cognitive
and behavioural interventions were effective on self-reported pain experience, yielding an overall effect size of 0.47. However,
there were no significant effects of cognitive and behavioural treatment on symptoms of depression, physical functioning and
medication use. Methodological issues concerning design, outcome measures and treatment are discussed and recommendations
for future studies are outlined. 相似文献
68.
Agelink van Rentergem Joost A. de Vent Nathalie R. Schmand Ben A. Murre Jaap M. J. Staaks Janneke P. C. Huizenga Hilde M. 《Neuropsychology review》2020,30(1):51-96
Neuropsychology Review - Many neuropsychologists are of the opinion that the multitude of cognitive tests may be grouped into a much smaller number of cognitive domains. However, there is little... 相似文献
69.
Hilde Lindemann Nelson 《Metaphilosophy》2000,31(5):492-508
The primary contribution of feminism to bioethics is to note how imbalances of power in the sex-gender system play themselves out in medical practice and in the theory surrounding that practice. I trace the ten-year history of feminist approaches to bioethics, arguing that while feminists have usefully critiqued medicine's biases in favor of men, they have unmasked sexism primarily in the arena of women's reproductive health, leaving other areas of health care sorely in need of feminist scrutiny. I note as well that feminist bioethicists have contributed very little to bioethical theory. In the second part of the paper I suggest two future directions for feminist bioethics. The first is to expand its critique of gender bias beyond reproductive medicine, devoting attention to the same issues raised by advances in biomedical technology as are taken up by mainstream bioethicists. The second is to develop bioethical theory that is more responsive than are mainstream moral theories to the social practices that subordinate women and minority groups. 相似文献
70.