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241.
Subitizing, the rapid, effortless, and accurate enumeration of small numbers of items has been said to be carried out preattentively. If so, the preattentive processing could occur entirely in primary visual cortex, in which case it would be completed within about 50 ms, or during the feedforward sweep, in which case it would be completed within about 100 ms after the onset of an enumeration display which was followed by a mask. The stimulus–mask SOAs were 50 or 83 ms in Experiment 1, and 100 or 150 ms in Experiment 2. In both experiments subjects were more accurate and more sensitive to one-target than to two-target displays. These outcomes, in conjunction with the finding that accuracy and sensitivity were higher at the longer SOA, are inconsistent with the preattentive viewpoint and point to the necessity for attentional involvement in subitizing. 相似文献
242.
Christiane B. Wiebel Matteo Valsecchi Karl R. Gegenfurtner 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(5):954-966
We studied the time course of material categorization in natural images relative to superordinate and basic-level object categorization, using a backward-masking paradigm. We manipulated several low-level features of the images—including luminance, contrast, and color—to assess their potential contributions. The results showed that the speed of material categorization was roughly comparable to the speed of basic-level object categorization, but slower than that of superordinate object categorization. The performance seemed to be crucially mediated by low-level factors, with color leading to a solid increase in performance for material categorization. At longer presentation durations, material categorization was less accurate than both types of object categorization. Taken together, our results show that material categorization can be as fast as basic-level object categorization, but is less accurate. 相似文献
243.
Maria Guarnera Paola Magnano Monica Pellerone Maura I. Cascio Valeria Squatrito Stefania L. Buccheri 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2013,174(5):297-310
The aim of the present study was to contribute to the literature on the ability to recognize anger, happiness, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, and neutral emotions from facial information (whole face, eye region, mouth region). More specifically, the aim was to investigate older adults' performance in emotions recognition using the same tool used in the previous studies on children and adults’ performance and verify if the pattern of emotions recognition show differences compared with the other two groups. Results showed that happiness is among the easiest emotions to recognize while the disgust is always among the most difficult emotions to recognize for older adults. The findings seem to indicate that is more easily recognizing emotions when pictures represent the whole face; compared with the specific region (eye and mouth regions), older participants seems to recognize more easily emotions when the mouth region is presented. In general, the results of the study did not detect a decay in the ability to recognize emotions from the face, eyes, or mouth. The performance of the old adults is statistically worse than the other two groups in only a few cases: in anger and disgust recognition from the whole face; in anger recognition from the eye region; and in disgust, fear, and neutral emotion recognition from mouth region. 相似文献
244.
When working memory updating requires updating: Analysis of serial position in a running memory task
This study aimed to investigate updating in working memory (WM), analyzing the effects of task demand and memory resources on serial position curve (SPC), in a running memory task with slow pace presentation and a probed recognition procedure. These task conditions were supposed to produce an easier WM updating task, which may allow evidencing whether the task is performed through an active or a passive updating. 相似文献
245.
246.
Parlangeli Oronzo Palmitesta Paola Bracci Margherita Marchigiani Enrica Di Pomponio Ileana Guidi Stefano 《Science and engineering ethics》2022,28(1):1-9
Science and Engineering Ethics - In this paper, we apply the capabilities approach—with the addition of capability ceilings—to energy justice. We argue that, to ensure energy justice,... 相似文献
247.
Spiezio Caterina Sandri Camillo Joubert Flavien Muzungaile Marie-May Remy Selby Mattarelli Paola Regaiolli Barbara 《Animal cognition》2022,25(1):195-203
Animal Cognition - Although some studies investigated lateralization in reptiles, little research has been done on chelonians, focusing only on few behaviours such as righting response and escape... 相似文献
248.
In conflicts between social groups, the decision of competitors whether to attack/retreat should be based on the assessment
of the quantity of individuals in their own and the opposing group. Experimental studies on numerical cognition in animals
suggest that they may represent both large and small numbers as noisy mental magnitudes subject to scalar variability, and
small numbers (≤4) also as discrete object-files. Consequently, discriminating between large quantities, but not between smaller
ones, should become easier as the asymmetry between quantities increases. Here, we tested these hypotheses by recording naturally
occurring conflicts in a population of free-ranging dogs, Canis lupus familiaris, living in a suburban environment. The overall probability of at least one pack member approaching opponents aggressively
increased with a decreasing ratio of the number of rivals to that of companions. Moreover, the probability that more than
half of the pack members withdrew from a conflict increased when this ratio increased. The skill of dogs in correctly assessing
relative group size appeared to improve with increasing the asymmetry in size when at least one pack comprised more than four
individuals, and appeared affected to a lesser extent by group size asymmetries when dogs had to compare only small numbers.
These results provide the first indications that a representation of quantity based on noisy mental magnitudes may be involved
in the assessment of opponents in intergroup conflicts and leave open the possibility that an additional, more precise mechanism
may operate with small numbers. 相似文献
249.
Individual differences in child temperament are associated with individual differences in language development. The present study examined the relationship between temperament and language ability in 109 twenty-four- to 30-month-old children. Parents and day-care teachers completed two questionnaires: the Primo Vocabolario del Bambino (Caselli & Casadio, 1995) and the Questionari Italiani del Temperamento (Axia, 2002). Researchers administered the First Language Test (Axia, 1993) to assess productive and receptive language in each child. Replicating previous research (Usai, Garello, & Viterbori, 2009), day-care teachers identified three temperamental profiles: most of the children fit into the first profile, typical of the Italian population; another profile was made up of easily distractible and not very persistent children, with a poor capacity to modulate motor activity; and the third profile of children were inhibited in new situations. A relationship was found between temperament assessed by day-care teachers and different levels of linguistic competence. In particular, the groups of "inattentive" and "inhibited" children showed poorer lexical and morphological abilities and a more immature vocabulary, characterised by the presence of more primitive components of the lexical repertory compared to the group of "typical" children. Unlike the results from day-care teachers, temperament questionnaires completed by parents revealed a 4-cluster-solution. Also, for parents, the "typical" profile is characterised by the largest vocabulary (productive and receptive) and the most mature semantic production. 相似文献
250.