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51.
Maternal reports about infant sleep care and ideas about the causes of awakening were obtained from telephone interviews with 104 middle class primiparae when their infants were 1 month and 1 year old. These reports were compared with their expectations about infant sleep before the birth of their child. It was found that most of the mothers were willing to ‘help’ their infants fall asleep, with 19 different kinds of techniques being spontaneously mentioned. Most of the techniques involved physical contact. The changes in technique from before birth to the end of the first year of life mainly concerned a decrease in the use of techniques involving holding the infant in the arms. From 1 month to 1 year, there was a decrease in rocking techniques, while at 1 year the use of a (bottle) feeding technique and taking the child into the parents' bed became apparent. The reasons mothers gave for infant awakenings varied from 1 month to 1 year. At 1 year, the most frequent reason was that the infant has ‘sufficient sleep’. Mothers' representations before the infant birth did not overlap with representations and reports of sleep handling after birth. Mothers were willing to apply and use a great variety of caring techniques that they perceived to be adjusted to the individual needs of their child. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
52.
Margaret H. Sibley William E. Pelham Brooke S. G. Molina Elizabeth M. Gnagy Daniel A. Waschbusch Aparajita Biswas Michael G. MacLean Dara E. Babinski Kathryn M. Karch 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(1):21-32
This study examined the association between childhood ADHD and juvenile delinquency by examining data from the Pittsburgh
ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS), a follow-up study of individuals diagnosed with ADHD in childhood (ages 5–12) and recontacted
in adolescence and young adulthood for yearly follow-up (age at first follow-up interview M = 17.26, SD = 3.17). Participants were 288 males with childhood ADHD and 209 demographically similar males without ADHD who were recruited
into the follow-up study. Delinquency information gathered yearly during the second through eighth follow-up provided a comprehensive
history of juvenile delinquency for all participants. Four childhood diagnostic groups [ADHD-only (N = 47), ADHD + ODD (N = 135), ADHD + CD (N = 106), and comparison (N = 209)] were used to examine group differences on delinquency outcomes. Analyses were conducted across three dimensions of
delinquency (i.e., severity, age of initiation, and variety). Individuals with childhood ADHD + CD displayed significantly
worse delinquency outcomes than the other three groups, across almost all indices of offending. When compared to comparison
participants, boys with ADHD-only and ADHD + ODD in childhood displayed earlier ages of delinquency initiation, a greater
variety of offending, and higher prevalence of severe delinquency. These findings suggest that although childhood ADHD + CD
creates the greatest risk for delinquency, boys with ADHD-only and ADHD + ODD also appear at a higher risk for later offending.
The patterns of offending that emerged from the PALS are discussed in the context of the relationship between ADHD, comorbidity,
and delinquency. 相似文献
53.
Bonifacci P 《Human movement science》2004,23(2):157-168
The purpose of this study was to examine perceptual, visual-motor abilities and intellectual skills in children with low, average and above average motor abilities. The participants were 144 children (aged 6-10 years) attending elementary school. Three groups of children were identified on the basis of their performance at the TGMD (Test of Gross Motor Development; [Ulrich, D.A. (1985). TGMD, Test of Gross Motor Development. Austin, Texas: PRO-ED. Edizione Italiana a cura di D. Ianes, TEST TGM. Test di valutazione delle abilita grosso-motorie. 1994, Trento: Edizioni Centro Studi Erickson]). Each child received an intelligence test (K-BIT; [Kaufman, A.S., & Kaufman, N.L. (1990). K-BIT. Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service]) and was evaluated for perceptual and visual-motor integration abilities (DTVP; [Hammill, D.D., Pearson, N.A., & Voress, J.K. (1993). Developmental Test of Visual Perception (2nd ed.). Austin, Texas: PRO-ED. Edizione Italiana a cura di D. Ianes, TEST TPV. Test di percezione visiva e integrazione visuo-motoria. Trento: Edizioni Centro Studi Erickson]). Results highlight a significant difference in visual-motor integration between children with high and low gross-motor abilities, in the absence of significant differences in perceptual skills or intellectual ability. The findings are discussed with reference to the concept of atypical brain development [Gilger, J.W., & Kaplan, B.J. (2001). Atypical brain development: A conceptual framework for understanding developmental learning disabilities. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20, 465]. 相似文献
54.
Paola Hasbún López Borja Martinović Magdalena Bobowik Xenia Chryssochoou Aleksandra Cichocka Andreea Ernst-Vintila Renata Franc Éva Fülöp Djouaria Ghilani Arshiya Kochar Pia Lamberty Giovanna Leone Laurent Licata Iris Žeželj 《European journal of social psychology》2019,49(7):1439-1455
To understand recent anti-refugee protests in Europe, we examined how different levels of inclusiveness of group identities (national, European, and global) are related to intentions to protest among native Europeans. We focused on the mediating role of autochthony (a belief that the first inhabitants of a territory are more entitled) and the moderating role of threat. Survey data from 11 European countries (N = 1,909) showed that national identification was positively associated with autochthony, and therefore, with the intention to protest against refugees. In contrast, global identification was related to lower protest intentions via lower autochthony. These paths were found only among Europeans who perceived refugees as a threat. European identification was not related to the endorsement of autochthony or to collective action. These findings indicate why and when majority members are willing to participate in collective action against refugees, and underscore the importance of global identification in the acceptance of refugees. 相似文献
55.
The issue of handedness has been the topic of great interest for researchers in a number of scientific domains. It is typically observed that the dominant hand yields numerous behavioral advantages over the non-dominant hand during unimanual tasks, which provides evidence of hemispheric specialization. In contrast to advantages for the dominant hand during motor execution, recent research has demonstrated that the right hand has advantages during motor planning (regardless of handedness), indicating that motor planning is a specialized function of the left hemisphere. In the present study we explored hemispheric advantages in motor planning and execution in left- and right-handed individuals during a bimanual grasping and placing task. Replicating previous findings, both motor planning and execution was influenced by object end-orientation congruency. In addition, although motor planning (i.e., end-state comfort) was not influenced by hand or handedness, motor execution differed between left and right hand, with shorter object transport times observed for the left hand, regardless of handedness. These results demonstrate that the hemispheric advantages often observed in unimanual tasks do not extend to discrete bimanual tasks. We propose that the differences in object transport time between the two hands arise from overt shifting visual fixation between the two hands/objects. 相似文献
56.
Christian Staerklé Jim Sidanius Eva G. T. Green Ludwin E. Molina 《Political psychology》2010,31(4):491-519
Using data from the International Social Survey Programme, this research investigated asymmetric attitudes of ethnic minorities and majorities towards their country and explored the impact of human development, ethnic diversity, and social inequality as country‐level moderators of national attitudes. In line with the general hypothesis of ethnic asymmetry, we found that ethnic, linguistic, and religious majorities were more identified with the nation and more strongly endorsed nationalist ideology than minorities (H1, 33 countries). Multilevel analyses revealed that this pattern of asymmetry was moderated by country‐level characteristics: the difference between minorities and majorities was greatest in ethnically diverse countries and in egalitarian, low inequality contexts. We also observed a larger positive correlation between ethnic subgroup identification and both national identification and nationalism for majorities than for minorities (H2, 20 countries). A stronger overall relationship between ethnic and national identification was observed in countries with a low level of human development. The greatest minority‐majority differences in the relationship between ethnic identification and national attitudes were found in egalitarian countries with a strong welfare state tradition. 相似文献
57.
Martina Amanzio Silvia Monteverdi Alessandra Giordano Paola Soliveri Paola Filippi Giuliano Geminiani 《Brain and cognition》2010
Background
This study analyzed the presence of awareness of movement disorders (dyskinesias and hypokinesias) in 25 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and motor fluctuations (dyskinesias, wearing off, on–off fluctuations). Of the few studies that have dealt with this topic, none have analyzed the differences in the awareness of motor deficits by comparing the on and off states using motor scales and an extensive battery of tests to assess cognitive and behavioral functioning.Methods
PD patients were compared on three different scales that we have devised to measure awareness of movement disorders: Global Awareness of Movement (GAM) Disorders, dyskinesia/hypo-bradykinesia rating scales.Results
Data showed that PD patients had greater awareness and psychological suffering in the off state than in the on state. In particular, they were troubled by motor disabilities related to hypokinesias and had mood-related symptoms and a perception of disability in activities of daily living. Interestingly, patients only showed a selective reduction of awareness of movement disorders associated with executive functions and related to dyskinesias in the on state, compared to a preserved awareness of hypokinesias in the off state. On the contrary, no association with executive functions was found in the off state.Conclusion
Our findings suggest that the dopaminergic overstimulation of mesocorticolimbic pathways may cause a dysfunction of prefrontal–subcortical connections related to the impaired insight. 相似文献58.
Verb bias, or the tendency of a verb to appear with a certain type of complement, has been employed in psycholinguistic literature
as a tool to test competing models of sentence processing. To date, the vast majority of sentence processing research involving
verb bias has been conducted almost exclusively with monolingual speakers, and predominantly with monolingual English speakers,
despite the fact that most of the world’s population is bilingual. To test the generality of competing theories of sentence
comprehension, it is important to conduct cross-linguistic studies of sentence processing and to add bilingual data to theories
of sentence comprehension. Given this, it is critical for the field to develop verb bias estimates from monolingual speakers
of languages other than English and from bilingual populations. We begin to address these issues in two norming studies. Study
1 provides verb bias norming data for 135 Spanish verbs. A second aim of Study 1 was to determine whether verb bias estimates
remain stable over time. In Study 2, we asked whether Spanish—English speakers are able to learn verb-specific information,
such as verb bias, in their second language. The answer to this question is critical to conducting studies that examine when,
during the course of sentence comprehension, bilingual speakers exploit verb information specific to the second language.
To facilitate cross-linguistic work, we compared our verb bias results with those provided by monolingual English speakers
in a previous norming study conducted by Garnsey, Lotocky, Pearlmutter, and Myers (1997). Our Spanish data demonstrated that
individual verbs showed significant similarities in their verb bias across the 3 years of data collection. We also show that
bilinguals are able to learn the biases of verbs in their second language, even when immersed in the first language environment.
Appendixes A–C, containing the bilingual norms discussed in the article, may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
59.
Paola Venuti Simona de Falco Zeno Giusti Marc H. Bornstein 《Infant mental health journal》2008,29(2):133-152
This study investigates mother–child interaction and its associations with play in children with Down syndrome (DS). There is consensus that mother–child interaction during play represents an important determinant of typical children's play development. Concerning children with DS, few studies have investigated mother–child interaction in terms of the overall emotional quality of dyadic interaction and its effect on child play. A sample of 28 children with DS (M age = 3 years) took part in this study. In particular, we studied whether the presence of the mother in an interactional context affects the exploratory and symbolic play of children with DS and the interrelation between children's level of play and dyadic emotional availability. Children showed significantly more exploratory play during collaborative play with mothers than during solitary play. However, the maternal effect on child symbolic play was higher in children of highly sensitive mothers relative to children whose mothers showed lower sensitivity, the former displaying more symbolic play than the latter in collaborative play. Results offer some evidence that dyadic emotional availability and child play level are associated in children with DS, consistent with the hypothesis that dyadic interactions based on a healthy level of emotional involvement may lead to enhanced cognitive functioning. 相似文献
60.
In the present study we considered the two factors that have been advocated for playing a role in emotional attention: perception
of gaze direction and facial expression of emotions. Participants performed an oculomotor task in which they had to make a
saccade towards one of the two lateral targets, depending on the colour of the fixation dot which appeared at the centre of
the computer screen. At different time intervals (stimulus onset asynchronies, SOAs: 50,100,150 ms) following the onset of
the dot, a picture of a human face (gazing either to the right or to the left) was presented at the centre of the screen.
The gaze direction of the face could be congruent or incongruent with respect to the location of the target, and the expression
could be neutral or angry. In Experiment 1 the facial expressions were presented randomly in a single block, whereas in Experiment
2 they were shown in separate blocks. Latencies for correct saccades and percentage of errors (saccade direction errors) were
considered in the analyses. Results showed that incongruent trials determined a significantly higher percentage of saccade
direction errors with respect to congruent trials, thus confirming that gaze direction, even when task-irrelevant, interferes
with the accuracy of the observer’s oculomotor behaviour. The angry expression was found to hold attention for a longer time
with respect to the neutral one, producing delayed saccade latencies. This was particularly evident at 100 ms SOA and for
incongruent trials. Emotional faces may then exert a modulatory effect on overt attention mechanisms. 相似文献