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201.
The attentional cost of inattentional blindness 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
When our attention is engaged in a visual task, we can be blind to events which would otherwise not be missed. In three experiments, 97 out of the 165 observers performing a visual attention task failed to notice an unexpected, irrelevant object moving across the display. Surprisingly, this object significantly lowered accuracy in the primary task when, and only when, it failed to reach awareness. We suggest that an unexpected stimulus causes a state of alert that would normally generate an attentional shift; if this response is prevented by an attention-consuming task, a portion of the attentional resources remains allocated to the object. Such a portion is large enough to disturb performance, but not so large that the object can be recognized as task-irrelevant and accordingly ignored. Our findings have one counterintuitive implication: irrelevant stimuli might hamper some types of performance only when perceived subliminally. 相似文献
202.
Tagliabue M Vidotto G Umiltà C Altoè G Treccani B Spera P 《Behavior research methods》2007,39(1):50-61
The spatial Simon effect is often asymmetric, being greater on one side than on the other. To date, not much attention has
been paid to these asymmetries, and explanations of the Simon effect do not take them into account. In the present article,
we attempt to clarify the statistical implications of the asymmetries so as to provide a useful tool for future empirical
investigation. Starting with examples from our laboratory and previous well-known studies, we point out the consequences of
ignoring the asymmetries in the Simon effect. We suggest an alternative data analysis that might render the results clearer.
Finally, through a comparison of left- and right-handed subjects, we demonstrate that asymmetries in the Simon effect are
linked to the lateralization of processes involved in the Simon task—that is, attention and response selection. This approach
provides a strong argument against collapsing data from the two sides to measure the Simon effect. 相似文献
203.
The present research examines the decline in working memory updating through age. Two experiments compared groups of participants in different age ranges (young‐old, 55–65 years, old, 66–75 years and old‐old, more than 75 years and, in Experiment 2 only, young, 20–30 years). Memory updating tasks were administered, which required participants to remember the smallest items in each list. To perform the task correctly, participants had to update information efficiently, reducing interference from items no longer relevant. Intrusion errors were computed and in the first experiment these were described as “intrusions of irrelevant items” (immediate exclusion) and “intrusions of once relevant items” (delayed exclusion). The oldest adults performed worse in memory updating and made a greater number of intrusion errors of once relevant information. In the second experiment results showed that increases in memory load (number of items that had to be remembered) and updating demand (number of potentially relevant items) impaired performance. The oldest adults had greater difficulty when the task demand was increased. Furthermore, they produced a higher number of intrusion errors, particularly when the updating demand was increased. It therefore appears that elderly people have specific difficulty in updating information in working memory by excluding irrelevant information. 相似文献
204.
Simonetta M. G. Adamo Serenella Adamo Serpieri Paola Giusti Rita Tamajo Contarini Paolo Valerio 《Psychodynamic Practice》2013,19(3):239-254
Abstract In this paper the authors describe their long experience, as psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapists, with an experimental school project with adolescent school drop-outs, a project that has been running in three deprived contexts of Naples. In the paper the structure of the psychological project supporting workers involved with these disruptive adolescents is analysed in detail along with the theoretical framework that lies behind it. The authors also give some illustrations that show the intense dynamics present in this field of work and some meaningful developments observed in the relationships and communications between adolescents and adults and in the group of peers. 相似文献
205.
Paola Camassa 《International Forum of Psychoanalysis》2013,22(2):104-106
Abstract Psychoanalysis is a technique to let creativity develop, and thought must be a prelude to action, rather than its substitute. Megalomania, redefined according to Bion as the capacity to act responsibly, lies at the extreme positive end of the spectrum of personality. 相似文献
206.
Paola Morra 《Journal of Child Psychotherapy》2013,39(3):242-254
This paper describes the mother–child assessment of a five-year-old girl suffering from anorexia since weaning, which was carried out in an Italian NHS neuropsychiatric child and adolescent unit. The author aims to show how she was able to link the little girl’s refusal of food to a death in the maternal family, which occurred soon after her birth. As well as this post-traumatic formulation, the author links the child’s anorexia to two related aspects of the family dynamics: avoidance of the awareness of death and the inability to manage triangular relationships, due to important intrusion and exclusion anxieties. Using extracts from the sessions, the author shows how the little girl was able to begin to work through the death phantasy which was previously inaccessible to her and her family. The concept of the death phantasy is defined and explored and possible analogies between this case and what is observed in some anorexic adolescent girls and their families are described. 相似文献
207.
Vitali P Abutalebi J Tettamanti M Rowe J Scifo P Fazio F Cappa SF Perani D 《Brain and language》2005,93(1):32-45
The present fMRI study of semantic fluency for animal and tool names provides further evidence for category-specific brain activations, and reports task-related changes in effective connectivity among defined cerebral regions. Two partially segregated systems of functional integration were highlighted: the tool condition was associated with an enhancement of connectivity within left hemispheric regions, including the inferior prefrontal and premotor cortex, the inferior parietal lobule and the temporo-occipital junction; the animal condition was associated with greater coupling among left visual associative regions. These category-specific functional differences extend the evidence for anatomical specialization to lexical search tasks, and provide for the first time evidence of category-specific patterns of functional integration in word-retrieval. 相似文献
208.
The present paper reports findings from a longitudinal study examining the development of English as foreign language learning in a sample of 86 Italian students tested at Grade 6 (mean age 11:3) and Grade 8 (mean age 13:3) . Two measures were examined: one relating to sustained learning ( i.e., English learning attainment), and one to short period development,(i.e., change in English proficiency). Different pattern of predictors were identified among L1 reading (speed and comprehension) and mathematics skills. The main findings indicated that calculation components of mathematics skills and reading comprehension predicted English learning attainments at Grade 8, whilst L1 reading speed at Grade 6 strongly predicted changes in English learning proficiency. The theoretical and empirical implications of the results are discussed in the specificity of a learning direction from a transparent L1 to a non‐transparent L2. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
209.
Demoulin S Cortes BP Viki TG Rodriguez AP Rodriguez RT Paladino MP Leyens JP 《International journal of psychology》2009,44(1):4-11
People tend to infra-humanize by attributing more human essence to their in-group than to out-groups. In the present article, we focus on the attribution of primary and secondary emotions to operationalize the human essence. We propose that, in order to infra-humanize, people need to be categorized in meaningful groups. In addition, we argue that what differentiates meaningful from nonmeaningful groups is that the people essentialize, perceiving members of the group as sharing an underlying, common essence. Also, we hypothesize that participants will identify more with their in-group in the case of meaningful groups. Three types of groups were created to manipulate the meaningfulness of the categorization. Participants were either randomly assigned to a group or they chose their group as a function of their preferences for a colour or the type of career they wished to pursue. As expected, infra-humanization occurred only where the categorization's criterion was meaningful. In addition, in-group identification, but not essentialism, mediated the impact of the categorization criteria on the tendency to infra-humanize. Data also showed that infra-humanization is different from classic in-group favouritism. This is because in-group favouritism, but not infra-humanization, was observed in the situation where group membership was based on random assignment. In other words, for infra-humanization to occur mere categorization is not enough; meaningfulness is also needed. For in-group favouritism to arise, the knowledge of being part of a group is a sufficient prerequisite. The discussion focuses on conditions for reducing infra-humanization and on the relationship between in-group favouritism and out-group derogation. 相似文献
210.
Mirko Duradoni;Franca Paola Severino;Martina Bellotti;Andrea Guazzini; 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2024,34(6):e70008
In today's world, internet use has been evaluated as a factor that tremendously affects people's lives. More recently, evidence has been presented on the role that social-level factors play in determining the dysfunctional use of new technologies, such as the need for social recognition. This study examines the concept of ‘mattering’ and its counterpart ‘anti-mattering’ to understand how offline and online social experiences, along with need satisfaction, influence digital life balance and social media addiction. Three hundred participants (78.3% women; Mage = 24.92 years, SD = 7.49) participated in the data collection. This cross-sectional explorative study revealed that people Satisfied Online (i.e., subjects who satisfy their need to be important only online) are more likely to develop social media addiction and an imbalance between offline and online life than those who are Fully Satisfied, Fully Unsatisfied, and Satisfied Offline based on correlation and ANOVA analyses. In conclusion, the results of this study support the idea that the human need for social connection and social recognition are critical in shaping our relationship with emerging communication technologies, both toward functional and dysfunctional use. 相似文献