创造力测评中的评分者效应

创造力测评中的评分者效应(rater effects)是指在创造性测评过程中, 由于评分者参与而对测评结果造成的影响.评分者效应本质上源于评分者内在认知加工的不同, 具体体现在其评分结果的差异.本文首先概述了评分者认知的相关研究, 以及评分者,创作者,社会文化因素对测评的影响.其次在评分结果层面梳理了评分者一致性信度的指标及其局限, 以及测验概化理论和多面Rasch模型在量化,控制该效应中的应用.最后基于当前研究仍存在的问题, 指出了未来可能的研究方向, 包括深化评分者认知研究,整合不同层面评分者效应的研究, 以及拓展创造力测评方法和技术等.     

幼儿不同交往类型的心理特征的比较研究

本研究综合运用社会测量法、访谈法和问卷评价法,探讨、比较了受欢迎型、被拒绝型、被忽视型和一般型四种基本同伴交往类型幼儿在心理特征上的异同。结果发现,各类型幼儿在行为、性格、情绪情感、交往积极主动性和交往技能、策略等特征上均存在非常显著的差异,各类型幼儿上述诸方面的表现均不相同。     

EEG phase synchronization during semantic unification relates to individual differences in children’s vocabulary skill

As we listen to speech, our ability to understand what was said requires us to retrieve and bind together individual word meanings into a coherent discourse representation. This so‐called semantic unification is a fundamental cognitive skill, and its development relies on the integration of neural activity throughout widely distributed functional brain networks. In this proof‐of‐concept study, we examine, for the first time, how these functional brain networks develop in children. Twenty‐six children (ages 4–17) listened to well‐formed sentences and sentences containing a semantic violation, while EEG was recorded. Children with stronger vocabulary showed N400 effects that were more concentrated to centroparietal electrodes and greater EEG phase synchrony (phase lag index; PLI) between right centroparietal and bilateral frontocentral electrodes in the delta frequency band (1–3 Hz) 1.27–1.53 s after listening to well‐formed sentences compared to sentences containing a semantic violation. These effects related specifically to individual differences in receptive vocabulary, perhaps pointing to greater recruitment of functional brain networks important for top‐down semantic unification with development. Less skilled children showed greater delta phase synchrony for violation sentences 3.41–3.64 s after critical word onset. This later effect was partly driven by individual differences in nonverbal reasoning, perhaps pointing to non‐verbal compensatory processing to extract meaning from speech in children with less developed vocabulary. We suggest that functional brain network communication, as measured by momentary changes in the phase synchrony of EEG oscillations, develops throughout the school years to support language comprehension in different ways depending on children's verbal and nonverbal skill levels.     

幼儿与成人依恋关系的特质和同伴交往能力的联系

参加研究的被试是来自北京某公立幼儿园的７８名幼儿和他们的母亲（７８位）以及幼儿园老师（１２位）。幼儿平均年龄为四岁十个月。用来测量亲子和师生依恋关系的工具是中文版的沃特斯－迪因儿童依恋行为分类卡片。儿童同伴交往能力用同伴间社会交往测量和教师的评分来评定。研究结果表明,亲子依恋和师生依恋关系的安全性与学前儿童的同伴交往能力有显著相关,依恋安全性得分高的幼儿具有较低的攻击性、乐于帮助别人、在群体中更受同伴喜爱。     

不同联想等级语词的启动效应及其发展研究

以汉字常用词为材料,使用经过大量统计工作建立的语词联想等级量表,来探讨语词的联想等级、学习时的加工水平、以及年龄变量对语词记忆启动效应的影响。结果发现：ａ、不同联想等级间语词启动效应有显著差异,ｂ、加工水平对启动效应的影响只在大学年龄被试中才显示出来,ｃ、年龄对启动效应的影响,主要是通过其与语词联想等级相互作用产生的。     

中国市民社会研究的伦理反思

跳出传统思维的"国家-市民社会"二分的社会理论研究路径,走向"家庭-市民社会-国家"三分的伦理研究思维模式是我们基于历史与逻辑、当下与未来的可能选择.     

历史唯物主义与精神生活的现代性处境

<正>精神生活是一种人类生活的基本维度,是人类生命获得意义和价值的重要的生活样式,也是人的存在本质、价值追求、文化教养乃至一个民族或社会文明发展程度的重要表征。伴随着席卷全球的现代化浪潮和时代精神的转变,精神生活问题已经成为我们这一时代的焦点问题之一。反思人类精神生     

Set ambiguity: A key determinant of reliability and validity in the picture story exercise

The picture story exercise (PSE), in which participants write imaginative stories in response to motivationally-arousing images, is the most commonly-used tool for the assessment of implicit motives. Despite decades of research into the qualities of effective individual picture cues, much less is known about the desirable properties of overall picture sets. The present research highlights a previously undocumented methodological consideration—set ambiguity—which has important implications for the reliability and validity of the PSE. In a four-part study of 74 undergraduates, motive scores derived from an ambiguous picture set comprising cues that vary in motivational focus displayed greater test–retest reliability, convergent validity, and predictive validity than those derived from an unambiguous picture set. Researchers are therefore advised to consider set ambiguity when selecting images for use in PSE research.     

Recent Transformations in China's Economic,Social, and Education Policies for Promoting Innovation and Creativity

The purpose of this study is to review major Chinese policies related to creativity education. We first identify and describe the role of innovation and creativity in economic and social development policies over the past 20 years, then analyze how the call for enhanced Chinese innovation and creativity was actualized in corresponding education policies. The article concludes with an analysis of issues surrounding Chinese education policy toward creativity and several directions for future research in this area.     

Response inhibition in adults and teenagers: spatiotemporal differences in the prefrontal cortex

Inhibition is a core executive function reliant on the frontal lobes that shows protracted maturation through to adulthood. We investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of response inhibition during a visual go/no-go task in 14 teenagers and 14 adults using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and a contrast between two no-go experimental conditions designed to eliminate a common confound in earlier studies comparing go with no-go trials. Source analyses were performed using an event-related beamformer algorithm with co-registered individual structural MRIs. Performance was controlled to be similar across subjects. Analyses of MEG data revealed bilateral prefrontal activity in the inhibitory condition for both age groups, but with different spatiotemporal patterns: around 300ms after stimulus onset in middle frontal gyri in teenagers vs. around 260ms in inferior frontal gyri in adults. Moreover, the inhibition of a prepotent motor response showed a stronger recruitment of the left hemisphere in teenagers than in adults and of the right hemisphere in adults than in teenagers. These findings provide high-resolution temporal and spatial information regarding response inhibition in adolescents compared to adults, independent of motor components and performance differences.