慈善组织、政府与市场

尽管在中国历史上,有慈善的思想,在近代,随着西方传教士的出现,出现了慈善机构.但是有现代特征的慈善机构,包含综合了中西方文化精髓和管理方式的慈善机构,却是近些年的事情.本文试图搞清慈善组织的独特的作用与特征,理顺慈善机构和其他方面发展的相互作用和关系.利用西方的经验与理论,特别是英国的例子,来帮助阐述中国的慈善组织.     

进展期胃癌术后生存质量影响因素探讨

胃癌是我国发病率和病死率较高的恶性肿瘤,且住院病例90％以上为中晚期。因此预后不佳。近年来在进展期胃癌诊断和治疗方面有较大进展,尤其是人们对术后生存质量的重视。本文初步探讨了进展期胃癌术后生存质量的影响因素：如患者一般状况、手术方式、术后辅助放化疗和中医药治疗等。     

企业员工组织支持感与工作满意度、离职意向的关系研究

通过对611名企业员工的调查,探讨组织支持感与工作满意度、离职意向之间的关系。结果表明：组织支持感与工作满意度存在显著的正相关;组织支持感与换岗意向、换职意向存在显著的负相关．但仅对换职意向具有负向预测作用;工作满意度与换岗意向、换职意向存在显著的负相关,并对二者都具有负向预测作用。     

中文阅读中基于字和词的跳读与返回抑制:来自眼动方面的证据

该研究通过记录读者自然阅读中的眼动过程,对比考察了中文阅读中基于字和词的跳读与返回抑制事件。结果发现:(1)跳读事件并不影响眼跳前注视的持续时间,说明阅读过程中的眼跳计划被同时制定;(2)在一定范围内,眼跳幅度越大,跳读后注视的持续时间越长,这反映了基本的预视效应;(3)中文阅读中存在返回抑制现象,但这个现象产生的基本依据是低级的空间线索,而非词汇语义单元。     

解释水平在社会距离影响具身模拟中的中介效应检验

具身认知理论及相关的脑研究显示,个体在推断他人心理时具身模拟的强度可能会受到社会距离的影响。基于解释水平理论和具身认知理论,通过两项实验室实验探讨社会距离的外部线索—人格相似性和内外群关系对具身模拟强度的影响。结果显示:社会距离越近,个体的解释水平越低,具身模拟强度越高;解释水平可以部分中介人格相似性对具身模拟的影响,中介效应占总效应量的38.4%;解释水平可以完全中介内外群线索对具身模拟的影响。最后,结合实验结果讨论了个体推断他人心理的过程和机制。     

Working memory can enhance unconscious visual perception

We demonstrate that unconscious processing of a stimulus property can be enhanced when there is a match between the contents of working memory and the stimulus presented in the visual field. Participants first held a cue (a colored circle) in working memory and then searched for a brief masked target shape presented simultaneously with a distractor shape. When participants reported having no awareness of the target shape at all, search performance was more accurate in the valid condition, where the target matched the cue in color, than in the neutral condition, where the target mismatched the cue. This effect cannot be attributed to bottom-up perceptual priming from the presentation of a memory cue, because unconscious perception was not enhanced when the cue was merely perceptually identified but not actively held in working memory. These findings suggest that reentrant feedback from the contents of working memory modulates unconscious visual perception.     

The relationship between mean square differences and standard error of measurement: comment on Barchard (2012)

In the discussion of mean square difference (MSD) and standard error of measurement (SEM), Barchard (2012) concluded that the MSD between 2 sets of test scores is greater than 2(SEM)2 and SEM underestimates the score difference between 2 tests when the 2 tests are not parallel. This conclusion has limitations for 2 reasons. First, strictly speaking, MSD should not be compared to SEM because they measure different things, have different assumptions, and capture different sources of errors. Second, the related proof and conclusions in Barchard hold only under the assumptions of equal reliabilities, homogeneous variances, and independent measurement errors. To address the limitations, we propose that MSD should be compared to the standard error of measurement of difference scores (SEMx-y) so that the comparison can be extended to the conditions when 2 tests have unequal reliabilities and score variances.     

Impact of value congruence on work-family conflicts: the mediating role of work-related support

Based on past research regarding the relationship between person-environment fit and work-family conflict (WFC), we examined the mediating effects of perceived organization/supervisor support on the relationship between person-organization/supervisor value congruence and WFC. A structural equation model was used to test three hypotheses using data collected from 637 workers in Taiwan. Person-organization value congruence regarding role boundaries was found to be positively correlated with employee perception of organizational support, resulting in reduced WFC. Person-supervisor value congruence regarding role boundaries also increased employee perception of organizational support, mediated by perceived supervisor support. Research and managerial implications are discussed.     

Working memory biasing of visual perception without awareness

Previous research has demonstrated that the contents of visual working memory can bias visual processing in favor of matching stimuli in the scene. However, the extent to which such top-down, memory-driven biasing of visual perception is contingent on conscious awareness remains unknown. Here we showed that conscious awareness of critical visual cues is dispensable for working memory to bias perceptual selection mechanisms. Using the procedure of continuous flash suppression, we demonstrated that “unseen” visual stimuli during interocular suppression can gain preferential access to awareness if they match the contents of visual working memory. Strikingly, the very same effect occurred even when the visual cue to be held in memory was rendered nonconscious by masking. Control experiments ruled out the alternative accounts of repetition priming and different detection criteria. We conclude that working memory biases of visual perception can operate in the absence of conscious awareness.     

Bayesian Inferences of Latent Class Models with an Unknown Number of Classes

This paper focuses on analyzing data collected in situations where investigators use multiple discrete indicators as surrogates, for example, a set of questionnaires. A very flexible latent class model is used for analysis. We propose a Bayesian framework to perform the joint estimation of the number of latent classes and model parameters. The proposed approach applies the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo to analyze finite mixtures of multivariate multinomial distributions. In the paper, we also develop a procedure for the unique labeling of the classes. We have carried out a detailed sensitivity analysis for various hyperparameter specifications, which leads us to make standard default recommendations for the choice of priors. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated through computer simulations and a study on subtypes of schizophrenia using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).