睡眠剥夺影响风险决策的双系统模型探讨

睡眠剥夺是指由于环境或自身原因无法满足正常睡眠时间的情况。大量实证研究发现, 睡眠剥夺会导致个体在风险决策中更倾向于风险寻求, 同时也有研究表明睡眠剥夺会导致个体风险规避, 而目前尚无统一结论。睡眠剥夺从风险感知、风险容忍、风险决策策略三个方面影响了风险决策, 其心理机制可由认知和情绪双路径模型进行解释, 且脑神经生理学研究也提供了相关证据。未来的研究应该进一步关注：(1)现实工作生活中的睡眠不足对风险决策的影响; (2)睡眠剥夺影响风险决策的理论模型建构。     

Future orientation, impulsivity, and problem behaviors: a longitudinal moderation model

In the current study, based on a sample of 1,873 adolescents between 11.4 and 20.9 years of age from the first 3 waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we investigated the longitudinal effects of future orientation on levels of and developmental changes in problem behaviors, while controlling for the effects by impulsivity; we also tested the moderating effects by future orientation on the impulsivity-problem behaviors link over time. Additionally, we examined future orientation operationalized by items measuring education, marriage, and life domains. Findings based on growth curve analyses provided evidence of longitudinal effects by education and life future orientation on both levels of and developmental changes in problem behaviors; the effect of marriage future orientation was not significant for either test. In addition, only life future orientation moderated the effect by impulsivity on levels of problem behaviors over time. More specifically, impulsivity had a weaker effect on levels of problem behaviors over time for adolescents who reported higher levels of life future orientation.     

台湾人工生殖技术管制之回顾与前瞻

台湾地区人工生殖技术的管制先后经历了道德管制和行政管制两个阶段,目前正积极总结各阶段管制模式的成败得失,努力构造《人工生殖法》的原则和框架,以提高人工生殖技术管制的合法性和有效性.     

从神迹到智慧——诠释学探源

现代诠释学的源头可追溯到古代希腊的语言学(主要是语法学,揭示文本客观性层面的语义)、语文学(对语言本身以及文献的历史关联的反思)和修辞学(着眼于语言所产生的实际效果阐明语言的说服力)。正是由于语言学、语文学和修辞学的发展,使人们对古代经典的“诠释”完成了从“神谕”的宣示与解释向合乎理性的证明之智慧的转化,而圣经注释学正是这一转化的直接结果,并且通过圣经注释学,这些因素融入了现代诠释学。     

学校组织气氛与教师工作绩效的关系分析

本研究借助于自编的学校组织气氛量表和教师工作绩效量表,通过对分层随机抽取的378名教师进行了调查,探讨了学校组织气氛与教师工作绩效的关系,结果发现学校组织气氛与教师工作绩效相关非常显著。回归分析和差异检验的结果进一步揭示:学校组织气氛是教师工作绩效的较好预测变量。其中,教学气氛是教师工作绩效的显著预测变量。同时,本研究还发现学校组织气氛对教师任务绩效影响非常显著,但对教师情境绩效影响不显著。     

Two-year stability of personality disorder in older adolescent outpatients

The 2-year stability of categorical and dimensional personality disorder (PD) in an older adolescent psychiatric outpatient sample was examined. One hundred and one 15-18-year-old participants were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Axis II Disorders (SCID-II) at baseline and 97 were re-interviewed, face-to-face, at 2 years. Of those with a categorical PD diagnosis at baseline, 74% still met criteria for a PD at follow-up, with marked gender differences (83% of females and 56% of males). Kappa for specific PDs was low for all except antisocial. Rank order and mean level dimensional stability ranged from high (antisocial, schizoid) to moderate (borderline, histrionic, schizotypal) to low (other PDs), with no decline in PD scores over the 2 years. There was no substantial influence upon stability of dimensional PD from the presence of Axis I disorder at baseline or from outpatient or inpatient treatment. However, categorical PD endured in 100% of those receiving inpatient care. The study supports that, in late teenage outpatients, the 2-year stability of the global category of PD is high and the stability of dimensionally rated PD appears to be similar to that found in young adults in a variety of settings, especially for some cluster A and B PDs. Diagnosis and early intervention appears to be justified in this age group.     

贝叶斯多组比较——渐近测量不变性

在行为科学研究领域中,检验测量工具的测量不变性是进行群体差异比较的前提。目前,多组验证性因子分析(多组CFA)方法被广泛用于检验测量不变性,但是它对跨组等值的限制过于严格,在实际应用中常常存在大量局限。贝叶斯渐近测量不变性方法基于贝叶斯思想的优良特性,放宽了传统多组CFA方法对跨组差异的严格限制,避免了传统方法的问题,具有较高的应用价值。文章详细介绍了贝叶斯渐近测量不变性方法的原理及优势,同时通过实例展示了渐近测量不变性方法在Mplus软件中的具体分析过程。     

视觉空间指令条件下SOAs变化对数字-空间联结编码的影响:来自ERP的证据

采用数字奇偶判断任务,以数字1-9(5除外)及汉字标签(左、右)作为实验材料,在视觉空间任务指令下探讨系统改变SOAs对数字-空间联结编码方式的影响。行为结果发现,SNARC效应以视觉空间编码方式为主,SOA为0ms并未出现SNARC效应; ERP结果发现,物理一致性在早期成分N1上的主效应显著。表明任务指导语影响SNARC效应的编码方式,其本质受词语信息标签加工程度的影响,且对SNARC效应的编码出现早期感觉阶段,SOAs与目标数字的特性影响SNARC效应的产生。     

面向“为学习而测评”的纵向认知诊断模型

基于“为学习而测评”的理念,以促进学生学习为目的,客观量化学习现状并提供诊断反馈的测评模式日益受到重视。相比于横断认识诊断测评,纵向认知诊断测评更有利于实现促进学生发展的目标。为使国内学者系统性地了解纵向认知诊断模型,首先,依据建模逻辑将已有纵向认知诊断模型划分为基于潜在转换分析的和基于高阶潜在结构模型的两类,并逐一介绍和说明两类模型的理论基础和应用情景;然后,通过模拟研究为读者呈现如何使用纵向认知诊断模型进行数据分析及如何解读相应的诊断结果。最后,提炼出四个可进一步研究的议题。     

认知固执导致持续应激的认知与神经机制

认知固执(Perseverative Cognition, PC)是一种重复或长期的消极认知表征,既能够使用量表测量,也可以通过实验诱发。认知固执会导致持续应激反应,进而影响个体的身心健康。其导致持续应激反应的认知机制体现在个体难以识别安全信号,高认知固执个体会表现出低心率变异性的显著特征;在脑机制方面主要表现为前额叶的抑制控制功能失调、杏仁核与前扣带回的病理性改变以及前额叶-杏仁核的连接减弱。未来研究应深入探讨认知固执的影响因素以及干预措施,同时需要进一步分析内隐认知固执的测量方式及其对个体的影响。