小学儿童英文音位识别的特点

以107名3年级儿童为对象,采用音位分割的测试方法,探讨小学儿童英文音位识别的特点.结果表明:(1)小学儿童在完成音位分割任务时并非总是以个体音位为基础,其行为结果受到语音学因素-响音度的影响.(2)字母名称结构对小学儿童英文音位分割行为的影响不显著.     

Working memory biasing of visual perception without awareness

Previous research has demonstrated that the contents of visual working memory can bias visual processing in favor of matching stimuli in the scene. However, the extent to which such top-down, memory-driven biasing of visual perception is contingent on conscious awareness remains unknown. Here we showed that conscious awareness of critical visual cues is dispensable for working memory to bias perceptual selection mechanisms. Using the procedure of continuous flash suppression, we demonstrated that “unseen” visual stimuli during interocular suppression can gain preferential access to awareness if they match the contents of visual working memory. Strikingly, the very same effect occurred even when the visual cue to be held in memory was rendered nonconscious by masking. Control experiments ruled out the alternative accounts of repetition priming and different detection criteria. We conclude that working memory biases of visual perception can operate in the absence of conscious awareness.     

Multiplicatively interacting factors selectively influencing parameters in multiple response class processing and rate trees

Evidence in many experiments indicates that the processes involved in producing responses are arranged in a tree structure. Evidence often indicates further that an experimental factor, such as item similarity, changes a single parameter, leaving others invariant. In typical studies, a few tree structures are hypothesized a priori, and tested by goodness of fit. With the method of Tree Inference, a tree is constructed by examining the data to see if patterns occur that are predicted when two factors selectively influence different processes (Schweickert & Chen, 2008). The patterns can reveal, for example, whether selectively influenced processes are executed in order, and what the order is. If the patterns do not occur, one can conclude that no tree is possible in which the factors selectively influence processes. In earlier work, three restrictions were imposed on the trees considered: There were two classes of responses; parameters were probabilities, bounded above by 1; and factors were assumed to change parameters associated with children of a single vertex. More general results are derived here, removing these restrictions. Results on representation, uniqueness of parameters, uniqueness of tree structure, and mixtures of trees are presented.     

2～6岁儿童母亲教育观念结构及其影响因素

对北京市各城区共2598名2—6岁儿童母亲的教育观念进行测查,探讨其结构组成和可能的影响因素。结果发现,母亲教育观念具有一定的整体构成和较稳定因素成分,主要由儿童发展现、对儿童发展的期望和儿童教育观三维度、十八因素构成;各维度间相互作用、相互影响;儿童年龄、性别、母亲受教育水平、职业等对母亲教育观念具有显著的影响。     

Coping with systematic bias during bilateral movement

The present studies examined the nature of kinematic interlimb interference during bilateral elbow movements of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 frequency ratios and the manner in which subjects cope with coordination bias. Analysis of movement trajectories in the first experiment indicated progressively greater angular velocity assimilation across 2:1 and 3:1 conditions. The desired temporal relationship was maintained by slowing or pausing the low-frequency movement at peak extension while the high-frequency arm produced intervening cycles. An increase in amplitude was also evident for concurrent, homologous cycles. Movement smoothness was emphasized and additional practice was provided in a second experiment. This resulted in dissociated peak angular velocity between limbs and eliminated hesitations and amplitude effects. Bias was still evident, however, as an intermittent approach toward a 1:1 ratio within each cycle. This systematic tendency was somewhat greater at the lower of two absolute frequency combinations but was not influenced by the role of each arm in producing the higher or lower frequency movement. The findings from the first experiment suggest that subjects initially accommodate interlimb kinematic assimilation, while producing the intended timing ratio, by intermittently slowing or pausing the lower-frequency movement. This attenuates the need for bilaterally-disparate movement parameters and provides additional time for organizing residual kinematic differences, perhaps reducing transient coupling. Evidence from the second experiment indicates that subtle relative motion preferences are still evident following sufficient practice to perform the movements smoothly. The within-cycle locations of the points of greatest interlimb bias for the 2:1 rhythms were positively displaced from those previously observed for 1:1 oscillations. The persistent coordination tendencies noted in both experiments perhaps reflect an assimilation/compensation cycle and constitute one potential source of the systematic error that often emerges during the acquisition of complex skills.     

慈善组织、政府与市场

尽管在中国历史上,有慈善的思想,在近代,随着西方传教士的出现,出现了慈善机构.但是有现代特征的慈善机构,包含综合了中西方文化精髓和管理方式的慈善机构,却是近些年的事情.本文试图搞清慈善组织的独特的作用与特征,理顺慈善机构和其他方面发展的相互作用和关系.利用西方的经验与理论,特别是英国的例子,来帮助阐述中国的慈善组织.     

Logics for Moderate Belief-Disagreement Between Agents

Studia Logica - A moderate belief-disagreement between agents on proposition p means that one agent believes p and the other agent does not. This paper presents two logical systems, $$\mathbf...