Hostile Attributional Bias,Negative Emotional Responding,and Aggression in Adults: Moderating Effects of Gender and Impulsivity

The current study examined the main effects of hostile attributional bias (HAB) and negative emotional responding on a variety of aggressive behaviors in adults, including general aggression, physical aggression, relational aggression, and verbal aggression. Effects of both externalizing (anger) and internalizing (embarrassment/upset) negative emotions were considered. In addition, the moderating roles of gender and impulsivity on the effects of HAB and negative emotional responding were explored. Multilevel models were fitted to data from 2,749 adult twins aged 20–55 from the PennTwins cohort. HAB was positively associated with all four forms of aggression. There was also a significant interaction between impulsivity and HAB for general aggression. Specifically, the relationship between HAB and general aggression was only significant for individuals with average or above‐average levels of impulsivity. Negative emotional responding was also found to predict all measures of aggression, although in different ways. Anger was positively associated with all forms of aggression, whereas embarrassment/upset predicted decreased levels of general, physical, and verbal aggression but increased levels of relational aggression. The associations between negative emotional responding and aggression were generally stronger for males than females. The current study provides evidence for the utility of HAB and negative emotional responding as predictors of adult aggression and further suggests that gender and impulsivity may moderate their links with aggression. Aggr. Behav. 38:47‐63, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

技术哲学的两种经验转向及其问题

当代技术哲学的一个重要发展趋势是在经验转向(empirical turn)和伦理转向(ethical turn)的基础上实现技术哲学的"第三次转向",以便整合前两次转向的优势。(Verbeek,p.51)事实上,经     

Interprofessional Education: Psychology Trainee Experiences and Perspectives on Team Skills

Interprofessional education (IPE) is defined as educational activities involving trainees from two or more professions learning about, from, and with each other with the goal of building team-based collaboration skills. The degree to which psychology trainees are involved in IPE is unknown. A national survey was distributed to gather information regarding the nature and prevalence of IPE experiences and psychology trainees’ perceived competence in collaboration skills. Participant responses (n?=?143) are presented overall and by training level. Some respondents reported no IPE activities in their training, especially trainees earlier in their training. Highest rated competencies were in acting with honesty and integrity and developing/maintaining mutual respect and trust of other professions. Lowest rated were in giving feedback to others and managing differences in opinion. More research related to the nature and impact of IPE on psychology trainees is critical.

     

内源性注意和外源性注意条件下SOA变化对数字距离效应的影响

采用内源性注意和外源性注意实验范式,材料为小数(1～4)和大数(6～9)的阿拉伯数字,以判断数字是否大于5为任务,考察内源性和外源性线索不同注意条件下SOA对数字距离效应的影响。结果发现:(1)内源性线索条件下,随着SOAs增加,大小数的距离效应逐渐增大,当SOA为900ms时,大小数的距离效应最明显;(2)外源性线索条件下,当SOA为300ms时,大小数的距离效应最显著,随着SOAs增加,大小数的距离效应逐渐减小。     

视觉工作记忆对注意选择的自动导向作用

对Downing(2000)的实验范式加以改进使得实验设计完全符合检验记忆驱动注意捕获所需要满足的标准,实验一采用要求被试在工作记忆保持阶段完成探测区分任务的双任务范式,结果发现被试对呈现在匹配物体空间位置上的探测项反应时显著快于对呈现在非匹配物体空间位置上的探测项反应时,而在实验二中当对被试没有记忆要求时却没有发现这种空间位置一致的优势效应,说明视觉工作记忆内容对选择性注意产生了自动导向作用。     

Effects of Sesame Street: A meta-analysis of children's learning in 15 countries

Sesame Street is broadcast to millions of children globally, including in some of the world's poorest regions. This meta-analysis examines the effects of children's exposure to international co-productions of Sesame Street, synthesizing the results of 24 studies, conducted with over 10,000 children in 15 countries. The results indicated significant positive effects of exposure to the program, aggregated across learning outcomes, and within each of the three outcome categories: cognitive outcomes, including literacy and numeracy; learning about the world, including health and safety knowledge; social reasoning and attitudes toward out-groups. The effects were significant across different methods, and they were observed in both low- and middle-income countries and also in high-income countries. The results are contextualized by considering the effects and reach of the program, relative to other early childhood interventions.     

Bonds and boundaries: Network structure,organizational boundaries,and job performance

We propose and test a framework that describes the relationship between network structures and job performance. We provide an integration of the current conceptualizations of social capital as they pertain to job performance outcomes by taking a multi-dimensional view of job performance. We break down job performance into creativity, decision-making, task execution, and teamwork, and distinguish the effect of structural holes within and across the organizational boundary on these four job performance domains. In an analysis of 318 managers, we find that networks rich in structural holes that cross the organizational boundary had a positive association with creativity and decision-making, whereas networks with few structural holes within the organization had a positive association with task execution and teamwork. We discuss the theoretical implications for integrating the social capital, boundary spanning, and network structure literatures, as well as the practical benefits of giving much more precise advice to managers and employees regarding how to use networks to improve performance at work.     

Self-diffusion activation energies in α-Al2O3 below 1000°C – measurements and molecular dynamics calculation

Results from impedance spectroscopy measurements at temperatures between 400 and 1000°C, for single crystal and highly pure and dense polycrystalline α-Al₂O₃ samples with well-defined grain size, are compared with that from molecular dynamics calculation. Between 650 and 1000°C, the measured activation energy for conductivity is 1.5?eV for the single crystal, and increases from 1.6 to 2.4?eV as the grain size decreases from 15 to 0.5?µm. The molecular dynamics calculation leads to the conclusion that the self-diffusion activation energy is about 1.5?eV for O and 1.0?eV for Al in single crystal α-Al₂O₃. The much higher mobility of O ions makes the O ions responsible for the conductivity of the single crystal oxide. It seems that the grain boundary leads to an increase in the activation energy. However, the quantitative influence of grain boundary still needs to be explained. Between 400 and 650°C, the measured activation energy is about 1.0?eV and independent of the grain size.     

Thinking about the future early in life: The role of relational memory

The constructive episodic simulation hypothesis suggests that we imagine possible future events by flexibly recombining details of past experiences to produce novel scenarios. Here we tested this hypothesis by determining whether episodic future thinking is related to relational memory ability during the preschool years. Children (3- to 5-year-olds) were asked to remember a past event and imagine a possible future event using an adapted version of the recombination paradigm. Relational learning and inference were assessed using a task adapted from the neuroimaging literature. The results show that preschoolers were able to describe both past and possible future events; however, they produced more specific episodic details in relation to past events relative to future events. Episodic future thinking performance was correlated with performance on the relational inference task, consistent with the idea that the ability to flexibly recombine relational knowledge is critical in episodic future thinking.     

宋明儒士排佛思想探微

宋明时期,儒士排佛范围之广、程度之深,为历代所未有。如果说宋初的儒者排佛仍集中于种族、伦理、社会等层面,随后而来的理学家们则更进一层,从宇宙论、心性论、工夫论、伦理观等对佛教进行了淋漓尽致的批判;明代的儒士则又对佛教表现出一种宽容性的排斥。体现出"一波三折"排佛层面的转变、"出入释教与入室操戈"排佛方法的运用与"三教合一和儒家绝对优势地位确立"三个特征。