内源性注意和外源性注意条件下SOA变化对数字距离效应的影响

采用内源性注意和外源性注意实验范式,材料为小数(1～4)和大数(6～9)的阿拉伯数字,以判断数字是否大于5为任务,考察内源性和外源性线索不同注意条件下SOA对数字距离效应的影响。结果发现:(1)内源性线索条件下,随着SOAs增加,大小数的距离效应逐渐增大,当SOA为900ms时,大小数的距离效应最明显;(2)外源性线索条件下,当SOA为300ms时,大小数的距离效应最显著,随着SOAs增加,大小数的距离效应逐渐减小。     

视觉工作记忆对注意选择的自动导向作用

对Downing(2000)的实验范式加以改进使得实验设计完全符合检验记忆驱动注意捕获所需要满足的标准,实验一采用要求被试在工作记忆保持阶段完成探测区分任务的双任务范式,结果发现被试对呈现在匹配物体空间位置上的探测项反应时显著快于对呈现在非匹配物体空间位置上的探测项反应时,而在实验二中当对被试没有记忆要求时却没有发现这种空间位置一致的优势效应,说明视觉工作记忆内容对选择性注意产生了自动导向作用。     

Effects of Sesame Street: A meta-analysis of children's learning in 15 countries

Sesame Street is broadcast to millions of children globally, including in some of the world's poorest regions. This meta-analysis examines the effects of children's exposure to international co-productions of Sesame Street, synthesizing the results of 24 studies, conducted with over 10,000 children in 15 countries. The results indicated significant positive effects of exposure to the program, aggregated across learning outcomes, and within each of the three outcome categories: cognitive outcomes, including literacy and numeracy; learning about the world, including health and safety knowledge; social reasoning and attitudes toward out-groups. The effects were significant across different methods, and they were observed in both low- and middle-income countries and also in high-income countries. The results are contextualized by considering the effects and reach of the program, relative to other early childhood interventions.     

Self-diffusion activation energies in α-Al2O3 below 1000°C – measurements and molecular dynamics calculation

Results from impedance spectroscopy measurements at temperatures between 400 and 1000°C, for single crystal and highly pure and dense polycrystalline α-Al₂O₃ samples with well-defined grain size, are compared with that from molecular dynamics calculation. Between 650 and 1000°C, the measured activation energy for conductivity is 1.5?eV for the single crystal, and increases from 1.6 to 2.4?eV as the grain size decreases from 15 to 0.5?µm. The molecular dynamics calculation leads to the conclusion that the self-diffusion activation energy is about 1.5?eV for O and 1.0?eV for Al in single crystal α-Al₂O₃. The much higher mobility of O ions makes the O ions responsible for the conductivity of the single crystal oxide. It seems that the grain boundary leads to an increase in the activation energy. However, the quantitative influence of grain boundary still needs to be explained. Between 400 and 650°C, the measured activation energy is about 1.0?eV and independent of the grain size.     

Thinking about the future early in life: The role of relational memory

The constructive episodic simulation hypothesis suggests that we imagine possible future events by flexibly recombining details of past experiences to produce novel scenarios. Here we tested this hypothesis by determining whether episodic future thinking is related to relational memory ability during the preschool years. Children (3- to 5-year-olds) were asked to remember a past event and imagine a possible future event using an adapted version of the recombination paradigm. Relational learning and inference were assessed using a task adapted from the neuroimaging literature. The results show that preschoolers were able to describe both past and possible future events; however, they produced more specific episodic details in relation to past events relative to future events. Episodic future thinking performance was correlated with performance on the relational inference task, consistent with the idea that the ability to flexibly recombine relational knowledge is critical in episodic future thinking.     

全视野汉字词义联想的ERP特征与汉字认识的ERP甄别

实验刺激模式为“预备信号纯音－屏幕呈现一个提示字一屏幕呈现一个操作字”。令被试者用操作字联想出另一个字以组成词,并口述之。实验组依联想性质分为具体与抽象二项,另进行一项对照实验。每项实验的操作字皆分为认识与不认识两类,脑电记录点为Ｆｚ,Ｃｚ,Ｐｚ,Ｐ３－Ｔ５中点,Ｐ４－Ｔ６中点,主要观察到：（１）词义联想引起Ｐ３与正慢波（ＰＳＷ）波幅增大。（２）不认识字联想可导致ＰＳＷ波幅极显著地增大和潜伏期极显著地延长,（３）无论汉字是否认识,对照组ＰＳＷ波幅较两个实验组皆高。（４）从ＰＳＷ中提取出了反映汉字认识与否的纯心理性Ｐ８００成分。（５）对照组的Ｐ８００始潜时较两个实验组皆长,这些实验结果表明,除前人提出的ＰＳＷ具有信息加工完成之认知含义外,ＰＳＷ尚与汉字形音认知、联想等多重信息加工相关,很可能是复合波;汉字的形音义加工间存在着错综复杂的关系,难以分割;在本实验条件下可使用ＰＳＷ或Ｐ８００成分作为甄别汉字是否认识的客观标志。     

Screening for borderline personality disorder in outpatient youth

Young people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) commonly seek help but often go unrecognized. Screening offers a means of identifying individuals for more detailed assessment for early intervention and for research. AIMS: This study compared the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD), Borderline Personality Questionnaire (BPQ), the BPD items from the International Personality Disorder Examination Screening Questionnaire and the BPD items from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders (SCID-II) Personality Questionnaire. METHOD: 101 outpatient youth (aged 15-25 years) completed the screening measures and were interviewed, blind to screening status, with the SCID-II BPD module. The screening measures were readministered two weeks later to assess test-retest reliability. RESULTS: All four instruments performed similarly but the BPQ had the best mix of characteristics, with moderate sensitivity (0.68), the highest specificity (0.90), high negative predictive value (0.91) and moderate positive predictive value (0.65). Compared to the other three instruments, the BPQ had the highest overall diagnostic accuracy (0.85), a substantially higher kappa (0.57) with the criterion diagnosis, the highest test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.92) and the highest internal consistency (alpha = 0.92). The only clear difference to emerge in the Receiver Operator Curve (ROC) analysis was that the BPQ significantly outperformed the MSI (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Screening for BPD in out-patient youth is feasible but is not a replacement for clinical diagnosis.     

大学生生涯成熟状况及与自我同一性关系研究

"职业生涯规划"教育在各高校受到极大关注,但辅导成效甚微,缺少实证研究、缺乏针对性是其深入拓展的障碍.本研究采用自编的<生涯成熟度量表>,测查大学生生涯成熟特点及与自我同一性关系,结果表明:大学生生涯发展的总体水平不是很高;受性别、年级、父母期望、兼职经验等因素影响;不同自我同一性地位大学生的生涯成熟状况存在差异.     

领导行为:企业并购整合研究的新方向

过去一个世纪以来,国际性兼并、收购和战略联盟急剧增多,然而大部分并购案例均以失败告终,无法达到其原定目标,有的甚至使企业陷入困境.导致并购失败的最主要原因是并购后的整合失败,并非战略与财政不当.领导行为在组织变革和组织再造过程中起着关键性作用,但其在组织并购整合过程中的作用却一直被研究者忽视.全球范围内并购浪潮的持续增长要求领导者迅速提升自身的应对能力,但领导在组织并购整合中的作用机制尚待深入研究.本文介绍了企业并购整合过程中所需的基本领导模式、相关研究的理论基础与方向,以期为提高并购整合活动的领导效力及深入研究提供参考.     

字词视觉空间特征在中文阅读眼动控制中的作用

研究采用4（呈现方式：小－小、小－大、大－小、大－大）×2（文本内容：句子、“※”串）的被试内设计,考察了文本字符呈现大小对读者眼跳选择目标和注视持续时间的影响。结果发现：（1）读者在浏览不同呈现方式的“※”串时的眼动模式基本上与阅读相应呈现方式的句子类似;（2）句子完全是由双字词构成,词内的首字和尾字大小不等（‘小－大”和“大－小”呈现条件）严重影响阅读效率;（3）读者在阅读句子时的注视时间高于浏览“※”串时的注视时间。结果说明,视觉呈现方式和词汇加工均影响读者的眼动模式。