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61.
Rachel Nobel Katharina Manassis Pamela Wilansky-Traynor 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2012,30(2):77-90
Research has demonstrated an association between perfectionism and depressive and anxious symptoms in children. We examined whether a school-based program targeting anxious and depressive symptoms would reduce perfectionism, and whether perfectionism would interfere with intervention outcomes. The participants were 78 school-age children identified as at-risk for anxiety and/or depression. At-risk children took part in a randomized controlled trial of a school-based intervention program. Levels of perfectionism, depression, and anxiety were assessed at pre-treatment (Time 1) and again at post-treatment (Time 2) after participating in either a cognitive behavioral group or a structured activity group. Participation in either group was associated with significant reductions in overall levels of self-oriented perfectionism, anxious symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Supplementary analyses indicated that pre-treatment self-oriented perfectionism influenced post-treatment depression scores, suggesting that perfectionism interferes with treatment outcome. Perfectionism in children appeared amenable to group-based intervention, and identifying perfectionism may be important for treating children with depressive symptoms. 相似文献
62.
63.
Seong-Hyeon Kim Narae Lee Pamela Ebstyne King 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2020,59(1):62-83
In lieu of the traditional text data analysis methods, structural topic modeling was utilized to analyze the text contents of 255 self-report inventories of religion and spirituality (R/S) published from 1929 to 2017. The study had two objectives: (a) to clarify and identify the latent dimensions of R/S inherent in the items of the measures; and (b) to examine and demonstrate the usefulness of a longitudinal topic modeling in the study of R/S. We identified 5,617 unique text terms from the measures and fitted topic models on those terms to extract latent dimensions called topics. We also simultaneously analyzed the longitudinal effect of publication decade (i.e., 1950s–2010s) on the topics. A topic model with three topics was chosen to best support the data: Experience of Transcendence (Topic 1), Engagement in Transcendence (Topic 2), and Essence of Transcendence (Topic 3). In addition, the longitudinal analysis revealed that Topic 1 showed a continual increase over the decades, while Topics 2 and 3 both demonstrated a gradual decrease, in effect matching the general trend of Topic 1's increasing popularity in society and the academia. 相似文献
64.
65.
Recent experiments have been used to “edit” genomes of various plant, animal and other species, including humans, with unprecedented precision. Furthermore, editing the Cas9 endonuclease gene with a gene encoding the desired guide RNA into an organism, adjacent to an altered gene, could create a “gene drive” that could spread a trait through an entire population of organisms. These experiments represent advances along a spectrum of technological abilities that genetic engineers have been working on since the advent of recombinant DNA techniques. The scientific and bioethics communities have built substantial literatures about the ethical and policy implications of genetic engineering, especially in the age of bioterrorism. However, recent CRISPr/Cas experiments have triggered a rehashing of previous policy discussions, suggesting that the scientific community requires guidance on how to think about social responsibility. We propose a framework to enable analysis of social responsibility, using two examples of genetic engineering experiments. 相似文献
66.
The relationship of locus of control to depression, anxiety, hostility, and physical health was assessed in a sample of multicultural
college students (N = 162). Powerful Others Health Locus of Control was correlated with depression, anxiety, hostility, and
recent physical symptoms while Chance Health Locus of Control (CHLC) was correlated with all of the above as well as chronic
physical symptoms and major health problems. When controlling for a variety of health risk factors (viz., age, sex, body mass,
exercise, smoking, salt, alcohol, and caffeine), only CHLC remained significant in the physical health models. Results support
the cognitive model of mental health which emphasize the importance of adaptive beliefs. Specifically, they suggest that issues
about control are related to negative affect and indicate that the often-cited relationship of an external locus of control
to depression and anxiety also holds for hostility. The findings do not, however, support the view that anxiety and depression
are associated with different types of external locus of control but rather suggest a unified set of locus of control beliefs
underlying the three types of negative affect. In addition, evidence is provided for the external validity of the Multidimensional
Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales with respect to mental health. Further, the results indicate that belief about one’s
health may play a significant role in one’s physical health and that the health behavior model of the relationship between
locus of control and physical health is insufficient to explain the relationship. As the Chance and Powerful Others MHLC scales
were not related to health habits in this sample but were related to mental health (viz., depression, anxiety, and hostility),
locus of control beliefs may be related to physical health via their relationship with mental health. 相似文献
67.
The 12-item short form of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ-SF) was originally developed by Bryant and Smith (2001) and modified and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis with mentally ill offenders by Diamond, Wang, and Buffington-Vollum (2005). In the current study, construct validity of the BPAQ-SF was assessed with a sample of 1,181 male and 435 female general population federal offenders. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the four-factor structure. Tests confirmed factorial invariance across gender for all loadings and covariances. Reliabilities were found to be adequate and comparable to those found in the studies cited above. Concurrent validity was supported by high correlations between the subscales of the BPAQ-SF and several relevant subscales on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). In addition, those offenders with prior history of violence, head injuries, childhood abuse, residential treatment, custody, or foster care as a child had higher scores on the BPAQ subscales. 相似文献
68.
Espeseth T Greenwood PM Reinvang I Fjell AM Walhovd KB Westlye LT Wehling E Lundervold A Rootwelt H Parasuraman R 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(1):31-43
In the present study, we investigated age-related changes in interactions between efficiency of neuronal repair mechanisms
and efficiency of cholinergic neurotransmission in the context of attentional orienting. In addition, we explored white matter
volume changes as possible neuronal underpinnings. A sample of 230 healthy middle-aged (53–64 years) and older (65–75 years)
adults was genotyped for polymorphisms of APOE and CHRNA4, a nicotinic receptor subunit gene. Participants were administered
a visuospatial attention task involving letter discrimination with location cues of varying validity. Genotype effects on
white matter volume were also investigated in a subset of participants who received MRI scans. APOE interacted with CHRNA4,
such that APOE-ε4 carriers who were also CHRNA4 TT homozygotes showed disproportionately slowed reaction time (RT) following
invalid location cues. The interaction was stronger in the middle-aged participants than in the older participants. There
was also a trend for individuals with combined APOE-ε4/CHRNA4 TT genotypes to show both lower white matter volume and slower
overall RT on the attention task. The interaction of a neurotransmission gene (CHRNA4) and a susceptibility gene (APOE) suggests
that the efficiency of neuronal repair mechanisms may modulate the cholinergic system to influence attentional function. 相似文献
69.
Tsang PS 《Acta psychologica》2006,121(2):137-175
This study contrasts the structural bottleneck and the resource view of attentional limits in time-sharing performance. The research incorporated features of the psychological refractory period (PRP) and the relative priority paradigm designed to maximize joint performance. A main distinction between the two attention views was their prediction on the extent that graded performance tradeoff was possible with graded priority changes. Detailed analysis of the performance and time-sharing strategies called into question the conclusions based exclusively on the PRP paradigm. 相似文献
70.
This study examined the association between maternal smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during pregnancy and infant heart rate. Participants were 62 mother-infant dyads where mother smoked during pregnancy, 47 dyads where mother did not smoke during pregnancy but was exposed to ETS and 47 dyads where mother did not smoke and was not exposed to ETS. Average heart rate (HR) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were assessed at 2-4 weeks of age during sleep. Infants in both exposure groups had higher HR and lower RSA than nonexposed infants. Furthermore, boys in both exposure groups had higher HR and lower RSA than girls. These results highlight the importance of considering prenatal ETS exposure and infant gender when assessing infant outcomes. 相似文献