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61.
Maureen Pope Pam Denicolo Bianca De Bernardi 《Journal of constructivist psychology》2013,26(3):313-321
Abstract This article reports on a comparison of the views of teachers in Italy and the United Kingdom on their profession in relation to other professions. Common constructs about their profession are discussed for each national group, followed by a commentary on the similarities and differences between the groups related to their embedding culture. For example, both groups perceive teachers as having much in common with social workers and the clergy in terms of high demand for emotional involvement and creativity, while both express concern over low income for effort conjoined with erosion of professional autonomy. This latter concern is more pronounced in the data from Italy, reflecting the more centralized control of curriculum, a policy only currently being initiated in the United Kingdom Although we are sympathetic to the reservations of Yorke (1987) about their utility in the study of teachers' thinking (as noted in Pope [1981] and Denicolo [1985]), we found the grid procedure to be a useful vehicle for exploring the issues in this study. Thus we have avoided treating the grid data in an essentially positivistic manner and did use notes made during the conversations that occurred during grid completion to shed light on the personal meaning to the participant of the words used to denote each construct. Within this article the details of personal meanings of each participant are omitted, although the analysis and discussion took account of these, since our particular goal here is to present the group data for the two countries. The focus had been on the teachers' constructs regarding the teaching profession. The same data could be used to illuminate their views on any of the professions discussed in the study. In addition to developing insights into teachers' thinking about their profession, the study helped to strengthen the developing spirit of international collaboration in research in teacher education from the perspective of personal construct psychology. 相似文献
62.
The confusion/non-consequential thinking explanation proposed by Newstead, Girotto, and Legrenzi (1995) for poor performance on Wason's THOG problem (a hypothetico-deductive reasoning task) was examined in three experiments with 300 participants. In general, as the cognitive complexity of the problem and the possibility of non-consequential thinking were reduced, correct performance increased. Significant but weak facilitation (33-40% correct) was found in Experiment 1 for THOG classification instructions that did not include the indeterminate response option. Substantial facilitation (up to 75% correct) was obtained in Experiment 2 with O'Brien et al.'s (1990) one-other-THOG classification instruction. In Experiment 3, a revised version of O'Brien et al.'s pre-test problem format also led to substantial facilitation, even with the use of the standard three-choice THOG classification instruction. These findings are discussed in terms of Newstead et al.'s theoretical proposal and possible attentional factors. 相似文献
63.
The finding that repeated exposure to a stimulus enhances attitudes directed towards it is a well-established phenomenon. Despite this, the effects of exposure to products are difficult to determine given that they could have previously been exposed to participants any number of times. Furthermore, factors other than simple repeated exposure can influence affective evaluations for stimuli that are meaningful. In our first study, we examined the influence of existing familiarity with common objects and showed that the attractiveness of shapes representing common objects increases with their rated commonness. In our second study, we eliminated the effects of prior exposure by creating fictitious yet plausible products; thus, exposure frequency was under complete experimental control. We also manipulated the attention to be drawn to the products' designs by placing them in contexts where their visual appearance was stressed to be important versus contexts in which it was indicated that little attention had been paid to their design. Following mere exposure, attractiveness ratings increased linearly with exposure frequency, with the slope of the function being steeper for stimuli presented in an inconspicuous context—indicating that individuals engage in more deliberate processing of the stimuli when attention is drawn to their visual appearance. 相似文献
64.
Whitfield Tim Barnhofer Thorsten Acabchuk Rebecca Cohen Avi Lee Michael Schlosser Marco Arenaza-Urquijo Eider M. Böttcher Adriana Britton Willoughby Coll-Padros Nina Collette Fabienne Chételat Gaël Dautricourt Sophie Demnitz-King Harriet Dumais Travis Klimecki Olga Meiberth Dix Moulinet Inès Müller Theresa Parsons Elizabeth Sager Lauren Sannemann Lena Scharf Jodi Schild Ann-Katrin Touron Edelweiss Wirth Miranka Walker Zuzana Moitra Ethan Lutz Antoine Lazar Sara W. Vago David Marchant Natalie L. 《Neuropsychology review》2022,32(3):677-702
Neuropsychology Review - Mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) are increasingly utilized to improve mental health. Interest in the putative effects of MBPs on cognitive function is also growing. This... 相似文献
65.
This study examined the within-person relationship between sleep and cognitive functioning. Fifty community-dwelling African Americans (age range = 50-80 years) were asked to report their sleep duration and quality the previous evening and to complete cognitive measures over 8 occasions within a 2-3 week period. A within-person daily change in sleep duration was significantly associated with worse global cognitive performance. The greater an individual deviated away from his or her average sleep duration on a particular day, the more likely his or her performance would decline. These results demonstrate that the sleep-cognition relationship can be observed at a within-person level of analysis. 相似文献
66.
Kristopher J. Gauthier Andrew N. Christopher Mark I. Walter Ronney Mourad Pam Marek 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2006,7(2):139-154
Previous research has found a consistent, negative relationship between holding religious doubts and mental well-being, and
a small positive relationship between religiosity and mental well-being. To assess the interrelationship between religious
doubt, religiosity, and need for cognition on life satisfaction, a survey was administered to an almost exclusively Christian
sample of 192 Americans drawn from undergraduates and alumni of a small mid-western college, undergraduates from a small south-eastern
college, and several churches from the metro-Detroit area. Zero-order correlations revealed relationships between religiosity
and life satisfaction, as well as religious doubt and life satisfaction. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed
that the three-way interaction of religiosity, religious doubt, and the need for cognition was predictive of life satisfaction.
Significant two-way interactions also emerged for both gender and religiosity, and gender and religious doubt as predictors
of life satisfaction. Based upon these findings, counseling applications are discussed, and the importance of probing for
interactions in research on religious influences on well-being is espoused.
Portions of this research were presented at the 2004 Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu,
HI. 相似文献
67.
68.
Alcohol-Involved Rapes: Are They More Violent? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Antonia Abbey A. Monique Clinton Pam McAuslan Tina Zawacki & Philip O. Buck 《Psychology of women quarterly》2002,26(2):99-109
Alcohol's psychological, cognitive, and motor effects contribute to rape. Based on theory and past research, we hypothesized that there would be a curvilinear relationship between the quantity of alcohol consumed by perpetrators and how aggressively they behaved. Moderate levels of intoxication encourage aggressiveness; however, extreme levels severely inhibit cognitive and motor capacity. We also hypothesized that victims' alcohol consumption would have a curvilinear relationship to their resistance. These hypotheses were examined with data from 132 college women who had been the victims of attempted or completed rape. Although there was a curvilinear result for perpetrators, the slope of the curve suggested that aggressiveness was worst when no alcohol or the highest levels of alcohol were consumed. There was a negative linear relationship between victims' alcohol consumption and resistance. Difficulties associated with accurately assessing degree of intoxication from survey data are discussed and suggestions are made for improving alcohol measurement in rape research. 相似文献
69.
Richard Joiner Jeff Gavin Jill Duffield Mark Brosnan Charles Crook Alan Durndell Pam Maras Jane Miller Adrian J Scott Peter Lovatt 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2005,8(4):371-378
This paper reports a study that investigated the effects of gender, Internet anxiety, and Internet identification on use of the Internet. The study involved 608 undergraduate students (490 females and 118 males). We surveyed the students' experience with the Internet, as well as their levels of Internet anxiety and Internet identification. We found a number of gender differences in participants' use of the Internet. Males were proportionally more likely to have their own web page than were females. They used the Internet more than females; in particular, they were more likely to use game websites, to use other specialist websites, and to download material from the Internet. However, females did not use the Internet for communication more than males. There was a significant positive relationship between Internet identification and total use of the Internet, and a significant negative relationship between Internet anxiety and total use of the Internet. Controlling for Internet identification and Internet anxiety, we found a significant and negative correlation between gender and use of the Internet. In total, all three of our predictors accounted for 40% of the variance in general Internet use: with Internet identification accounting for 26%, Internet anxiety accounting for 11%, and gender accounting for 3%. 相似文献
70.
To investigate the reliability and validity of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), 28 youth aged 6 to 17 years with Tourette's syndrome (TS) participated in the study. Data included clinician reports of tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) severity, parent reports of tics, internalizing and externalizing problems, and child reports of depression and anxiety. All children participated in a 2nd YGTSS administration by the same rater 48 days later. Good internal consistency and stability were found for the YGTSS scores. YGTSS scores demonstrated strong correlations with parent-rated tic severity (r = .58-.68). YGTSS scores were not significantly related to measures of clinician ratings of OCD severity (r = .01-.15), parent ratings of externalizing and internalizing behavior (r = -.07-.20), and child ratings of depression (r = .02-.26) and anxiety (r = -.06 -.28). Findings suggest that the YGTSS is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of pediatric TS. 相似文献