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101.
Jeremy Schwark Joshua Sandry Justin MacDonald Igor Dolgov 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2012,74(8):1583-1589
Many critical search tasks, such as airport and medical screening, involve searching for targets that are rarely present. These low-prevalence targets are associated with extremely high miss rates Wolfe, Horowitz, & Kenner (Nature, 435, 439?C440, 2005). The inflated miss rates are caused by a criterion shift, likely due to observers attempting to equate the numbers of misses and false alarms. This equalizing strategy results in a neutral criterion at 50?% target prevalence, but leads to a higher proportion of misses for low-prevalence targets. In the present study, we manipulated participants?? perceived number of misses through explicit false feedback. As predicted, the participants in the false-feedback condition committed a higher number of false alarms due to a shifted criterion. Importantly, the participants in this condition were also more successful in detecting targets. These results highlight the importance of perceived prevalence in target search tasks. 相似文献
102.
Young and older adults studied word pairs and later discriminated studied pairs from various types of foils including recombined word-pairs and foil pairs containing one or two previously unstudied words. We manipulated how many times a specific word pair was repeated (1 or 5) and how many different words were associated with a given word (1 or 5) to tease apart the effects of item familiarity from recollection of the association. Rather than making simple old/new judgments, subjects chose one of five responses: (a) Old-Old (original), (b) Old-Old (rearranged), (c) Old-New, (d) New-Old, (e) New-New. Veridical recollection was impaired in old age in all memory conditions. There was evidence for a higher rate of false recollection of rearranged pairs following exact repetition of study pairs in older but not younger adults. In contrast, older adults were not more susceptible to interference than young adults when one or both words of the pair had multiple competing associates. Older adults were just as able as young adults to use item familiarity to recognize which word of a foil was old. This pattern suggests that recollection problems in advanced age are because of a deficit in older adults' formation or retrieval of new associations in memory. A modeling simulation provided good fits to these data and offers a mechanistic explanation based on an age-related reduction of working memory. 相似文献
103.
Landmark use has been demonstrated in a variety of organisms, yet the manner in which landmarks are encoded and subsequently
used appears to vary between and sometimes within species, even when faced with identical landmark arrays. In the present
experiments, orangutans and human children were shown a square array of identical landmarks and were trained to locate a hidden
goal in the centre of the array. In Experiments 1 and 2, the search space appeared to be discrete, with white gridlines dividing
up the space, and in Experiments 3a and 3b, the search space was uniformly coloured, making it appear continuous. In all experiments,
following training, subjects were given a single expansion test, to determine their landmark strategy use, based on peak search
activity. The orangutans appeared to use absolute directional vectors from individual landmarks, with peak search activities
on the inner corners of the square array, and they used this strategy persistently. In contrast, human children showed two
landmark-based strategies, absolute directional vectors and a relational or “middle” strategy, with the majority of children
starting their search in the middle region. Although some children, especially young children, persistently used one strategy
like the orangutans, many changed strategies when the original one failed to yield the hidden goal. 相似文献
104.
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106.
There are few data addressing psychological variables that may explain some variation in parenting by fathers of children with intellectual disabilities. In the present study, we hypothesized that fathers who were more mindful in their parenting role (specifically, fathers who reported more present-centered attention in their relationship with their child) would use less avoidance in relation to their child with intellectual disability and that this would be reflected in increased father involvement in childcare. In a questionnaire survey 105 fathers completed a mindful parenting measure and a measure of parental involvement. Regression analyses revealed that fathers who reported being more mindful as a parent also reported more involvement in child-related parenting tasks and roles related to child socialization. These data suggest that mindfulness in the parenting role may be an important predictor of parenting in families of children with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, interventions designed to increased mindfulness should improve parent–child relationships and ultimately child outcomes. 相似文献
107.
Claire Penn Jennifer Watermeyer Carol MacDonald Colleen Moabelo 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(1):9-21
With its diverse cultural and linguistic profile, South Africa provides a unique context to explore contextual influences
on the process of genetic counseling. Prior research suggests intergenerational differences regarding models of causation
which influence treatment-seeking paths. This pilot study therefore aimed to explore South African traditional beliefs regarding
common childhood genetic disorders. Three focus groups were conducted with fifteen grandmothers from different cultural backgrounds
in an urban community. Questions pertained to the role of the grandmother, traditional beliefs regarding causes of genetic
disorders, explanations of heredity, and prevention and management of genetic disorders. Results indicate a variety of cultural
explanations for causes of childhood genetic disorders. These causes can be classified into categories related to lifestyle,
behavior, social issues, culture, religion, genetic, and familial causes. Prevention and treatment issues are also highlighted.
These findings have implications for genetic counseling practice, which needs to include a greater focus on cultural issues. 相似文献
108.
Chronis-Tuscano A Raggi VL Clarke TL Rooney ME Diaz Y Pian J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1237-1250
Mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for an ADHD diagnosis themselves,
which is likely associated with impairments in parenting. The present study utilized a multi-method assessment of maternal
ADHD and parenting to examine the extent to which maternal ADHD symptoms are associated with maladaptive parenting. Participants
included 70 6–10 year old children with DSM-IV ADHD and their biological mothers. Results suggested that mothers with higher
levels of ADHD symptoms reported lower levels of involvement and positive parenting and higher levels of inconsistent discipline.
During observed parent–child interactions, maternal ADHD symptoms were negatively associated with positive parenting, and
positively associated with negative parenting and repeated commands before giving the child an opportunity to comply. Given
prior research suggesting that maladaptive parenting behaviors are risk factors for the later development of conduct problems
among children with ADHD, these findings have important clinical implications for family-based assessment and treatment of
ADHD. 相似文献
109.
Linda A. LeBlanc Paige B. Raetz Jonathan C. Baker Margaret J. Strobel Brian J. Feeney 《Behavioral Interventions》2008,23(4):213-225
The current study compared an abbreviated oral interview version of the Pleasant Events Schedule – Alzheimer's Disease (PES‐AD) to a multimedia‐supplemented version. Both measures identified multiple preferred items and their scores were moderately correlated (r = .481). Direct observations were conducted to determine whether either of the two measures predicted subsequent engagement. For all nine individuals with dementia, items endorsed as preferred by both versions of the PES‐AD resulted in high levels of engagement and items endorsed as non‐preferred items on both measures resulted in low to moderate levels of engagement. Individuals with MMSE scores of 10 or higher had more stable and differentiated patterns of engagement than individuals with scores below 10. For individuals with higher MMSE scores, items endorsed only by the multimedia version resulted in high engagement levels (i.e., true positive) while items endorsed only on the verbal presentation resulted in low levels (i.e., false positive). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
110.
The relationship between print exposure and measures of reading skill was examined in college students (N = 99, 58 female; mean age = 20.3 years). Print exposure was measured with several new self-reports of reading and writing habits, as well as updated versions of the Author Recognition Test and the Magazine Recognition Test (Stanovich & West, 1989). Participants completed a sentence comprehension task with syntactically complex sentences, and reading times and comprehension accuracy were measured. An additional measure of reading skill was provided by participants' scores on the verbal portions of the ACT, a standardized achievement test. Higher levels of print exposure were associated with higher sentence processing abilities and superior verbal ACT performance. The relative merits of different print exposure assessments are discussed. 相似文献