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41.
Nicolas Fay Andrew C. Page Crystal Serfaty Vivien Tai Christopher Winkler 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(6):1160-1165
Speakers systematically overestimate their communication effectiveness (Keysar & Henly, 2002). We argue that doing so is adaptive,
reducing the risk of social anxiety and withdrawal from social situations. This hypothesis was tested by having speakers who
scored low and high for fear of negative evaluation (FNE), a hallmark of social phobia, attempt to convey a specific meaning
of ambiguous statements to a listener and then estimate their communication effectiveness. Low-FNE speakers consistently overestimated
their effectiveness, expecting the listener to understand their intended meaning more often than listeners actually did. In
contrast, high-FNE speakers’ estimates of communication effectiveness were consistent with the listener’s actual understanding.
Signal detection analysis revealed that low- and high-FNE speakers were equally able to discriminate communication success
from failure, but low-FNE speakers exhibited a stronger positive response bias. In conclusion, overestimating one’s communication
effectiveness is adaptive, and accurate estimation is associated with dysfunction. 相似文献
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43.
Page Anderson Elana Zimand Stefan K. Schmertz Mirtha Ferrer 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2007,14(2):198-207
This study describes the use of a cognitive-behavioral computer-administered self-help program with minimal therapist contact for public speaking anxiety. Participants (N = 10) with social phobia, as measured by a structured clinical interview, completed the self-help program in an open clinical trial. The program was delivered via a CD-ROM during individual sessions at an outpatient clinic, including 4 sessions of psychoeducation/cognitive therapy and 4 sessions of exposure therapy using a virtual audience presented on a computer screen. A therapist was available in another room to answer questions and to debrief for up to 10 minutes after each session. Participants completed standardized self-report questionnaires assessing social anxiety at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. Participants also completed measures of computer usability. Results showed decreases on all self-report measures of social anxiety from pre- to posttreatment, which were maintained at follow-up (n = 8). Participants also reported that they were satisfied with treatment, that they felt improved after treatment, and that the computer program was user-friendly. This study provides preliminary evidence that a computer-administered cognitive-behavioral-based program that includes minimal therapist contact may reduce public speaking anxiety and suggests that further research with a controlled design is needed. 相似文献
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45.
Lynn H. Parker Michael F. Cataldo Gordon Bourland Cleeve S. Emurian Roger J. Corbin Jeanne M. Page 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1984,17(4):413-427
The popularity and reported success of biofeedback treatment for neuromuscular disorders has occurred despite a lack of research identifying the critical variables responsible for therapeutic gain. In this study, we assessed the degree to which severe neurological dysfunction could be improved by using one of the components present in all biofeedback treatment, contingency management. Three cases of orofacial dysfunction were treated by reinforcing specific improvements reliably detectable without the use of biofeedback equipment. The results showed that contingency management procedures alone were sufficient to improve overt motor responses but, unlike biofeedback treatment, did not produce decreases in the hypertonic muscle groups associated with the trained motor behavior. The findings suggest that sophisticated, expensive biofeedback equipment may not be necessary in treating some neuromuscular disorders and that important clinical gains may be achieved by redesigning the patient's daily environment to be contingently therapeutic, rather than only accommodating the disabilities of the physically handicapped. 相似文献
46.
In this study, we attempted to partially replicate and extend the findings of the Page (1985) study of hypnotic age regression and moral reasoning. The Kohlberg (1976) Moral Judgment Interview (MJI) was used to assess the initial stage of moral reasoning in 32 adults who were preselected on the basis of their hypnotic susceptibility. Subjects were hypnotized and age regressed to two of four possible ages (16, 13, 10, and 7), or were given task-motivation instructions before being age regressed. All were then administered the MJI, which involves the resolution of certain dilemmas. Both groups were able to lower their moral reasoning scores when given age regression instructions, but no significant differences were found between groups. Thus the results of this study are inconsistent with those of Page (1985), but are consistent with those of O'Brien et al. (1977). Reasons for the failure to reaffirm the earlier results of Page (1985) are discussed. 相似文献
47.
R M Page 《Perceptual and motor skills》1987,65(3):765-766
A survey of 238 college students indicated that those who prefer to drink caffeine containing drinks maintain different perceptions about the negative and positive consequences of drinking caffeinated drinks from those who do not prefer to drink caffeinated drinks. 154 of the students reported that the last soft drink they consumed was caffeinated. 相似文献
48.
S C Page S H Hulse J Cynx 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》1989,15(2):137-146
Relative pitch perception in animals has been difficult to demonstrate. This failing is due in part to stimulus sets that make an absolute pitch solution viable. In Experiment 1, starlings failed to acquire a discrimination that could be solved only on the basis of relative pitch. In Experiment 2, starlings were trained on a smaller set of pitch patterns, for which both absolute and relative pitch solutions were available, then tested with three series of unreinforced probe stimuli. Series 1 assessed stimulus control by absolute pitch. In Series 2, absolute pitch cues dictated one response, and relative pitch cues dictated a different response. Results indicate that starlings extract relative pitch from artificial pitch patterns only after acquiring a discrimination that permits both absolute and relative pitch solutions. Results are discussed in terms of the relative salience of absolute and relative pitch. 相似文献
49.
Page E 《Journal of applied philosophy》1985,2(2):161-172
ABSTRACT The Warnock Report fails to reveal an important underlying principle concerning the donation and transference of gametes and embryos. This principle contrasts sharply with the principle that children are non-transferable. Consideration of where to place the line between transferable embryos and non-transferable fetuses, or children, yields a conception of surrogacy that would set it apart from adoption. The paper argues for a coherent system of surrogacy supported by regulative institutions in which surrogacy is seen to facilitate an acceptable form of parenthood. 相似文献
50.