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121.
This article investigates how the perspective from which we see an object affects memory. Object identification can be affected
by the orientation of the object. Palmer, Rosch, and Chase (1981) coined the term canonical to describe perspectives in which
identification performance is best. We present two experiments that tested the effects of object perspective on memory. Our
results revealed a double dissociation between task (recognition and recall) and type of object perspective. In recognition,
items studied in the noncanonical viewpoint produced higher proportions of “old” responses than did items studied in the canonical
viewpoint, whereas new objects presented from a noncanonical viewpoint produced fewer “old” responses than did new objects
presented from the canonical viewpoint. In free recall, conversely, objects studied from the noncanonical viewpoint produced
lower recall rates than did objects studied from the canonical viewpoint. These results, which reveal a pattern similar to
word frequency effects, support the psychological reality of canonical viewpoints and the frequencyof-exposure-based accounts
of canonical viewpoint effects. 2008 Psychonomic Society, Inc 相似文献
122.
Predicting Outcomes or Modeling Process? Commentary on the Health Action Process Approach 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Schwarzer (2008 ) reviews the evidence for two major contributions of the Health Action Process Approach model (HAPA) to current theory and behavioral health research: (1) the differentiation of concepts by both content and process, and (2) clear recognition of the temporal aspect in the assembly of health behavior sequences. This commentary discusses four areas for HAPA to address for a more complete explanation of health behaviors and their determinants. Further, we suggest that incorporating into HAPA the hierarchical structure of the control systems that regulate health behaviors and the importance of concrete experience in initiating and maintaining behavior, elements emphasised in the Commonsense Model of Self‐regulation, will enrich HAPA's theoretical base and increase its utility for the development of interventions for behavioral change. Schwarzer (2008 ) examine les données confirmant deux contributions majeures du modèle de l’Approche du Processus de l’Action en faveur de la Santé (HAPA) à la théorie et aux recherches sur les comportements relatifs à la santé: 1) La différenciation des concepts à la fois par le contenu et le processus, 2) Un repérage précis de la dimension temporelle dans l’articulation des séquences comportementales relevant de la santé. Ce commentaire aborde quatre points qui permettraient à l’HAPA de fournir une explication plus complète des conduites liées à la santé et de leurs antécédents. Il semble en outre que l’introduction dans l’HAPA de la structure hiérarchique des systèmes de contrôle qui régulent les comportements de santé et de l’aspect important qu’est l’expérience concrète dans l’amorce et le maintien du comportement, éléments mis en valeur par le Modèle du Sens Commun de l’Autorégulation, enrichirait les fondements théoriques de l’HAPA et augmenterait son utilité pour l’élaboration d’interventions en faveur du changement comportemental. 相似文献
123.
ABSTRACT— This article provides a brief overview of major developments in the history of contemporary persuasion theory. The first intuitive and empirical approaches to persuasion were guided by main-effect questions (e.g., are experts more persuasive than nonexperts?). Furthermore, researchers focused on only one process by which variables (e.g., emotion, source credibility) would have an impact (e.g., emotion affected attitudes by classical conditioning). As data began to accumulate, so many new theories and effects were uncovered that the discipline faced collapse from the numerous inconsistencies evident. In response to the reigning confusion of the previous era, contemporary multiprocess theories were proposed (e.g., the elaboration likelihood model). According to these more integrative approaches, any one variable could affect attitudes by different processes in different situations and thereby sometimes produce opposite effects. Finally, we describe the role of a recently discovered new contributor to persuasion: self-validation. Unlike previous mechanisms that focus on primary cognition, this new process emphasizes secondary or meta-cognition. 相似文献
124.
Outcome summaries of latency‐based functional analyses conducted in hospital inpatient units 下载免费PDF全文
Joseph M. Lambert John E. Staubitz Jessica Torelli Roane Nealetta J. Houchins‐Juárez A. Pablo Juárez Kevin B. Sanders Zachary E. Warren 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2017,50(3):487-494
Latency‐based functional analysis (FA) may be a viable alternative to the standard, rate‐based, FA when frequently evoking problem behavior is not advisable. We conducted 18 latency‐based FAs of the problem behavior of children diagnosed with autism in inpatient hospital settings and identified functional relations during 44.4% (8 of 18) of latency‐based FAs. Implications for conducting FAs of severe problem behavior are discussed. 相似文献
125.
Is it advisable to include negative attributes to assess the stereotype content? Yes,but only in the morality dimension 下载免费PDF全文
Pablo Sayans‐Jiménez Antonio José Rojas Tejada Isabel Cuadrado Guirado 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2017,58(2):170-178
Competence, morality and sociability dimensions have shown to be essential to measure stereotypes. Theoretically, the attributes associated with the negative pole of morality are more reliable and have shown to have higher evaluative weight. However, the current research usually employs only positive attributes to measure each dimension. Since the advantages of the inclusion of negative morality are clear it would be interesting to know about the effects of the inclusion of such type of attributes (i.e., it is good or bad for the measurement). The purpose of this study is to examine if the addition of negative items makes possible to improve the stereotype content measures. This study compares the differences between scales with various compositions of positive and negative items of stereotypes to predict three related variables: anger, fear and a semantic differential of evaluation. The study was carried out with a sample of 550 Spaniards. The data found highlights the importance of using attributes of the negative pole of morality in studying stereotypes. Their use was able to explain the intergroup emotional responses and the semantic differential more efficiently. 相似文献
126.
This study examined the performance of selection criteria available in the major statistical packages for both mean model
and covariance structure. Unbalanced designs due to missing data involving both a moderate and large number of repeated measurements
and varying total sample sizes were investigated. The study also investigated the impact of using different estimation strategies
for information criteria, the impact of different adjustments for calculating the criteria, and the impact of different distribution
shapes. Overall, we found that the ability of consistent criteria in any of the their examined forms to select the correct
model was superior under simple covariance patterns than under complex covariance patterns, and vice versa for the efficient
criteria. The simulation studies covered in this paper also revealed that, regardless of method of estimation used, the consistent
criteria based on number of subjects were more effective than the consistent criteria based on total number of observations,
and vice versa for the efficient criteria. Furthermore, results indicated that, given a dataset with missing values, the efficient
criteria were more affected than the consistent criteria by the lack of normality. 相似文献
127.
Pablo Gilabert 《The Southern journal of philosophy》2006,44(2):193-216
Are positive duties to help others in need mere informal duties of virtue or can they also be enforceable duties of justice? In this paper I defend the claim that some positive duties (which I call basic positive duties) can be duties of justice against one of the most important principled objections to it. This is the libertarian challenge, according to which only negative duties to avoid harming others can be duties of justice, whereas positive duties (basic or nonbasic) must be seen, at best, as informal moral requirements or recommendations. I focus on the contractarian version of the libertarian challenge as recently presented by Jan Narveson. I claim that Narveson's contractarian construal of libertarianism is not only intuitively weak, but is also subject to decisive internal problems. I argue, in particular, that it does not provide a clear rationale for distinguishing between informal duties of virtue and enforceable duties of justice, that it can neither successfully justify libertarianism's protection of negative rights nor its denial of positive ones, and that it fails to undermine the claim that basic positive duties are duties of global justice. 相似文献
128.
Eduardo Vidal-Abarca Héctor Reyes Ramiro Gilabert Javier Calpe Emilio Soria Arthur C. Graesser 《Behavior research methods》2002,34(1):93-107
Qualitative methods that analyze the coherence of expository texts not only are time consuming, but also present challenges
in collecting data on coding reliability. We describe software that analyzes expository texts more rapidly and produces a
notable level of objectivity ETAT (Expository Text Analysis Tool) analyzes the coherence of expository texts. ETAT adopts
a symbolic representational system, known asconceptual graph structures. ETAT follows three steps: segmentation of a text into nodes, classification of the unidentified nodes, and linking the nodes
with relational arcs. ETAT automatically constructs a graph in the form of nodes and their interrelationships, along with
various attendant statistics and information about noninterrelated, isolated nodes. ETAT was developed in Java, so it is compatible
with virtually all computer systems. 相似文献
129.
Previous research in the domain of attitude change has described 2 primary dimensions of thinking that impact persuasion processes and outcomes: the extent (amount) of thinking and the direction (valence) of issue-relevant thought. The authors examined the possibility that another, more meta-cognitive aspect of thinking is also important-the degree of confidence people have in their own thoughts. Four studies test the notion that thought confidence affects the extent of persuasion. When positive thoughts dominate in response to a message, increasing confidence in those thoughts increases persuasion, but when negative thoughts dominate, increasing confidence decreases persuasion. In addition, using self-reported and manipulated thought confidence in separate studies, the authors provide evidence that the magnitude of the attitude-thought relationship depends on the confidence people have in their thoughts. Finally, the authors also show that these self-validation effects are most likely in situations that foster high amounts of information processing activity. 相似文献
130.
Relation of perceived emotional intelligence and health-related quality of life of middle-aged women 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study examined the relationship between perceived emotional intelligence and health-related quality of life in middle-aged women. 99 middle-aged Spanish women, who studied in two adult schools, volunteered to participate. 49 were premenopausal and 45 were postmenopausal. These women completed the Trait Meta-Mood Scale and Health Survey SF-36. Scores were analyzed according to social, physical, and mental health, menopausal status, and scores on perceived emotional intelligence. Then, the data regarding the mental and physical health of the premenopausal and postmenopausal women were compared after controlling for age. No associations between menopausal status and health-related quality of life were found. Perceived skill at mood repair was significantly associated with scores on health-related quality of life in these middle-aged women. These findings provide empirical evidence that aspects of perceived emotional intelligence may account for the health-related quality of life in midlife including social, physical, and psychological symptoms. 相似文献