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111.
We present two masked priming lexical decision experiments in which we examined whether a nonword prime word would activate
associative/semantic information from its corresponding addition neighbor (e.g.,lght-DARK via the addition neighborlight), producing associative/semantic priming. The rationale was the following: If a nonword prime with a missing letter produced
a semantic/associative priming effect, this would clearly indicate that this nonword was activating the lexical/semantic representations
of its base word, thereby reinforcing the models of visual-word recognition in which the orthographic representations produced
bylght (orligt) andlight are quite similar (e.g., SOLAR, SERIOL, open-bigram, and overlap models). The results showed that the magnitude of the masked
associative priming effect with subset primes was remarkably similar to that of the priming effect with the corresponding
word prime. Furthermore, the magnitude of the associative priming effect was similar when the deleted letter was a vowel and
when the deleted letter was a consonant. 相似文献
112.
This article investigates how the perspective from which we see an object affects memory. Object identification can be affected
by the orientation of the object. Palmer, Rosch, and Chase (1981) coined the term canonical to describe perspectives in which
identification performance is best. We present two experiments that tested the effects of object perspective on memory. Our
results revealed a double dissociation between task (recognition and recall) and type of object perspective. In recognition,
items studied in the noncanonical viewpoint produced higher proportions of “old” responses than did items studied in the canonical
viewpoint, whereas new objects presented from a noncanonical viewpoint produced fewer “old” responses than did new objects
presented from the canonical viewpoint. In free recall, conversely, objects studied from the noncanonical viewpoint produced
lower recall rates than did objects studied from the canonical viewpoint. These results, which reveal a pattern similar to
word frequency effects, support the psychological reality of canonical viewpoints and the frequencyof-exposure-based accounts
of canonical viewpoint effects. 2008 Psychonomic Society, Inc 相似文献
113.
Predicting Outcomes or Modeling Process? Commentary on the Health Action Process Approach 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Schwarzer (2008 ) reviews the evidence for two major contributions of the Health Action Process Approach model (HAPA) to current theory and behavioral health research: (1) the differentiation of concepts by both content and process, and (2) clear recognition of the temporal aspect in the assembly of health behavior sequences. This commentary discusses four areas for HAPA to address for a more complete explanation of health behaviors and their determinants. Further, we suggest that incorporating into HAPA the hierarchical structure of the control systems that regulate health behaviors and the importance of concrete experience in initiating and maintaining behavior, elements emphasised in the Commonsense Model of Self‐regulation, will enrich HAPA's theoretical base and increase its utility for the development of interventions for behavioral change. Schwarzer (2008 ) examine les données confirmant deux contributions majeures du modèle de l’Approche du Processus de l’Action en faveur de la Santé (HAPA) à la théorie et aux recherches sur les comportements relatifs à la santé: 1) La différenciation des concepts à la fois par le contenu et le processus, 2) Un repérage précis de la dimension temporelle dans l’articulation des séquences comportementales relevant de la santé. Ce commentaire aborde quatre points qui permettraient à l’HAPA de fournir une explication plus complète des conduites liées à la santé et de leurs antécédents. Il semble en outre que l’introduction dans l’HAPA de la structure hiérarchique des systèmes de contrôle qui régulent les comportements de santé et de l’aspect important qu’est l’expérience concrète dans l’amorce et le maintien du comportement, éléments mis en valeur par le Modèle du Sens Commun de l’Autorégulation, enrichirait les fondements théoriques de l’HAPA et augmenterait son utilité pour l’élaboration d’interventions en faveur du changement comportemental. 相似文献
114.
ABSTRACT— This article provides a brief overview of major developments in the history of contemporary persuasion theory. The first intuitive and empirical approaches to persuasion were guided by main-effect questions (e.g., are experts more persuasive than nonexperts?). Furthermore, researchers focused on only one process by which variables (e.g., emotion, source credibility) would have an impact (e.g., emotion affected attitudes by classical conditioning). As data began to accumulate, so many new theories and effects were uncovered that the discipline faced collapse from the numerous inconsistencies evident. In response to the reigning confusion of the previous era, contemporary multiprocess theories were proposed (e.g., the elaboration likelihood model). According to these more integrative approaches, any one variable could affect attitudes by different processes in different situations and thereby sometimes produce opposite effects. Finally, we describe the role of a recently discovered new contributor to persuasion: self-validation. Unlike previous mechanisms that focus on primary cognition, this new process emphasizes secondary or meta-cognition. 相似文献
115.
Outcome summaries of latency‐based functional analyses conducted in hospital inpatient units
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Joseph M. Lambert John E. Staubitz Jessica Torelli Roane Nealetta J. Houchins‐Juárez A. Pablo Juárez Kevin B. Sanders Zachary E. Warren 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2017,50(3):487-494
Latency‐based functional analysis (FA) may be a viable alternative to the standard, rate‐based, FA when frequently evoking problem behavior is not advisable. We conducted 18 latency‐based FAs of the problem behavior of children diagnosed with autism in inpatient hospital settings and identified functional relations during 44.4% (8 of 18) of latency‐based FAs. Implications for conducting FAs of severe problem behavior are discussed. 相似文献
116.
Is it advisable to include negative attributes to assess the stereotype content? Yes,but only in the morality dimension
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Pablo Sayans‐Jiménez Antonio José Rojas Tejada Isabel Cuadrado Guirado 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2017,58(2):170-178
Competence, morality and sociability dimensions have shown to be essential to measure stereotypes. Theoretically, the attributes associated with the negative pole of morality are more reliable and have shown to have higher evaluative weight. However, the current research usually employs only positive attributes to measure each dimension. Since the advantages of the inclusion of negative morality are clear it would be interesting to know about the effects of the inclusion of such type of attributes (i.e., it is good or bad for the measurement). The purpose of this study is to examine if the addition of negative items makes possible to improve the stereotype content measures. This study compares the differences between scales with various compositions of positive and negative items of stereotypes to predict three related variables: anger, fear and a semantic differential of evaluation. The study was carried out with a sample of 550 Spaniards. The data found highlights the importance of using attributes of the negative pole of morality in studying stereotypes. Their use was able to explain the intergroup emotional responses and the semantic differential more efficiently. 相似文献
117.
This study examined the performance of selection criteria available in the major statistical packages for both mean model
and covariance structure. Unbalanced designs due to missing data involving both a moderate and large number of repeated measurements
and varying total sample sizes were investigated. The study also investigated the impact of using different estimation strategies
for information criteria, the impact of different adjustments for calculating the criteria, and the impact of different distribution
shapes. Overall, we found that the ability of consistent criteria in any of the their examined forms to select the correct
model was superior under simple covariance patterns than under complex covariance patterns, and vice versa for the efficient
criteria. The simulation studies covered in this paper also revealed that, regardless of method of estimation used, the consistent
criteria based on number of subjects were more effective than the consistent criteria based on total number of observations,
and vice versa for the efficient criteria. Furthermore, results indicated that, given a dataset with missing values, the efficient
criteria were more affected than the consistent criteria by the lack of normality. 相似文献
118.
Scholars have proposed a conceptual structure for the self-critical moral emotions of guilt and shame and the other-critical emotions of anger and disgust. In this model, guilt is linked with anger and shame with disgust. This relationship may express itself in asymmetrical social cuing between emotions: In a social context, other people's angry facial expressions may communicate that the target should feel guilty, and other people's disgusted facial expressions may communicate that the target should feel ashamed. We conducted two experiments, one in the United Kingdom and the other in Spain, in which participants were shown pictures of faces expressing either anger or disgust. Participants rated the degree to which the faces would make them feel guilt or shame in a casual social encounter, and they answered questions about inferences concerning the emotional expressions. In both studies, angry expressions led to greater guilt and less shame than did disgusted expressions. This relationship was explained better by the type of norm violation inferred than by whether the violation was thought to involve the target's action or personality versus the target's character. 相似文献
119.
120.
Pablo Gilabert 《The Southern journal of philosophy》2006,44(2):193-216
Are positive duties to help others in need mere informal duties of virtue or can they also be enforceable duties of justice? In this paper I defend the claim that some positive duties (which I call basic positive duties) can be duties of justice against one of the most important principled objections to it. This is the libertarian challenge, according to which only negative duties to avoid harming others can be duties of justice, whereas positive duties (basic or nonbasic) must be seen, at best, as informal moral requirements or recommendations. I focus on the contractarian version of the libertarian challenge as recently presented by Jan Narveson. I claim that Narveson's contractarian construal of libertarianism is not only intuitively weak, but is also subject to decisive internal problems. I argue, in particular, that it does not provide a clear rationale for distinguishing between informal duties of virtue and enforceable duties of justice, that it can neither successfully justify libertarianism's protection of negative rights nor its denial of positive ones, and that it fails to undermine the claim that basic positive duties are duties of global justice. 相似文献